2. Chap 1: Community Health
⢠Accurately define the terms
health, community health,
population health, and public
health.
⢠Explain the difference
between personal and
community health activities
⢠List and discuss the factors
that influence a communityâs
health
Chapter Objectives
3. Chap 1: Community Health
Chapter Objectives
⢠Briefly relate the history of
community/public health, including
the recent history of community and
public health in the twentieth-
century .
⢠Describe the status of efforts to
improve world health and list some
plans for the future.
4. Chap 1: Community Health
Chapter Objectives
⢠Describe the purpose of the Health
People 2010 goals and objectives as
they apply to the planning process
of the health of Tanzanians.
5. Chap 1: Community Health
Introduction
⢠Definitions, Concepts, & Principles
⢠Community Health vs. Personal
Health
⢠Brief History of Community Health
⢠American Health Concerns in the
90âs
6. Chap 1: Community Health
HEALTH
⢠A state of complete physical, mental,
and social well being and not merely
the absence of disease and
infirmity.â World Health
Organization - 1947
⢠A dynamic state or condition which is
multidimensional in nature and
results from the adaptation to
his/her environment.
Definitions
7. Chap 1: Community Health
Definitions
⢠COMMUNITY
Group of people who have common
characteristics
⢠COMMUNITY HEALTH
â the health status of a defined group of
people and the actions and conditions, both
private and public, to promote, protect, and
preserve their health.
8. Chap 1: Community Health
⢠Population Health
â The health status of people who are not
organized and have no identity as a group or
locality and the actions and conditions to
promote, protect and preserve their health
⢠Public Health
â Health status of a defined group of people
and governmental actions and conditions to
promote, protect, and preserve the peopleâs
health
9. Chap 1: Community Health
Community Health vs. Personal
Health
⢠PERSONAL
â Individual actions and decision making that
affect the health of an individual or their
immediate family
â COMMUNITY
â Activities aimed at protecting or improving
the health of a population or community
10. Chap 1: Community Health
Factors Affecting Community HealthFactors Affecting Community Health
HHEALTHEALTH
OF THEOF THE
CCOMMUNITYOMMUNITY
PHYSICAL
FACTORS
Industrial development
Community size
Environment
Geography
SOCIAL/CULTURAL
FACTORS
Beliefs, Traditions, and
Prejudices
Economy, Politics, Religion
Socioeconomic Status
Social Norms
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION
Ways in which communities
organize their resources;
Tax vs Non-tax supported
services
INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIORS
Takes the concerted effort of
many - if not most - to
make a community
voluntary program work
11. Chap 1: Community Health
Prehistory
7000+ BC
Egyptians
1500 -1050 BC
Greeks
400 BC
Romans
450 BC - 410 AD
Middle Ages
410 - 1500AD
Renaissance
1500 - 1700
Hammurabi
1750 BC
Enlightenment
1700s
19th Century
20th Century
21st Century
12. Chap 1: Community Health
Brief History and Public Health
⢠EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS
⢠ANCIENT SOCIETIES - before 500 B.C.
â Northern India: evidence of bathrooms and
sewers
â Sumarian clay tablet: evidence of prescription
drugs
â Code of Hammurabi: laws pertaining to
physicians and health practices
⢠CLASSICAL CULTURES - 500 B.C. - 500 A.D.
â Greeks: Games of strength and skill for men
â Greeks: Active in community sanitation
â Romans: Built aqueducts and sewer systems
â Romans: Built hospitals and infirmaries for
slaves
13. Chap 1: Community Health
Brief History and Public
Health
⢠MIDDLE AGES - 500 to 1500 A.D.
â Spiritual era of public health
â Great epidemics of plague
⢠RENAISSANCE AND EXPLORATION -
1500 to 1700 A.D.
â Rebirth of thinking about nature of the world
and of humankind
â Belief that diseases were caused by
environmental, not spiritual factors
14. Chap 1: Community Health
Brief History and Public
Health
⢠EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
⢠INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
⢠Cities overcrowded
â Water supplies inadequate
â Streets heaped with trash and garbage
⢠Occupational health
â Workplaces unsafe and unhealthy
â Workforce poor
â Children forced to work long hours
15. Chap 1: Community Health
Brief History and Public
Health
⢠NINETEENTH CENTURY
⢠EARLY APPROACH
â Few advancements in public health
â Federal government approach âLaissez faireâ
â Health quackery thrived
⢠EPIDEMICS CONTINUED
â London cholera epidemic struck in 1849
â Miasmas theory of contagious disease
â Dr. John Snow and the Broad Street pump
16. Chap 1: Community Health
Brief History and Public
Health
⢠LEMUEL SHATTUCKâS HEALTH
REPORT, 1850
⢠FIVE PERIODS OF ERA
â Miasma, 1850 to 1875
â Bacteriological, 1875 to 1900
â Health Resources Development, 1900 to 1960
â Social Engineering, 1960 to 1975
â Health Promotion, 1975 to present
17. Chap 1: Community Health
Health Resources
⢠BEGINNING OF TWENTIETH
CENTURY
â Life expectancy less than 50 years
â Communicable diseases leading causes of
death
â Children health concerns
18. Chap 1: Community Health
Health Resources (1900-1960)
⢠REFORM PHASE - 1900 to 1920
⢠GREAT DEPRESSION & WORLD WAR
II 1929 - 1935
â Social Security Act of 1935
â National Institutes of Health established -
1930âs
⢠THE POSTWAR YEARS 1945 - 1960
â Communicable Disease Center established -
1946
â World Health Organization founded - 1948
19. Chap 1: Community Health
Health Resources (1900-1960)
⢠SOCIAL ENGINEERING 1960 - 1973
â Congress passed Medicare and Medicaid bills
- 1965
â OSHA Act Signed 1970
⢠Health Promotion Period (1975 -
1990)
â Lifestyle related diseases
â High medical care costs
20. Chap 1: Community Health
HEALTH PROMOTION
⢠LIFESTYLE CHANGES
â World Health Organizationâs âHealth for Allâ,
1977
â Promoting Health/Preventing Disease:
Objectives for the Nation, 1979
⢠226 Objectives based on preventive services, health
protection, and health promotion
â Healthy People 2000
⢠Over 300 objectives
â Healthy People 2010
21. Chap 1: Community Health
Community Health in
the 21st Century
⢠World Planning
â reduce the burden of excess mortality and
morbidity
â developing effective health systems
â expanding the knowledge base
22. Chap 1: Community Health
CCHAPTERHAPTER 11
CCOMMUNITYOMMUNITY HHEALTHEALTH --
YYESTERDAYESTERDAY, T, TODAYODAY,,
AANDND TTOMORROWOMORROW