2. HISTORY
⢠Lupus â latin term â meaning wolf
⢠Erythematosus â red rash
⢠1851, Dr. Cazenave , looked like wolf bites , named it DLE
⢠1885 , Sir William Osler , named it SLE
3. INTRODUCTION
⢠Wide array of illness
⢠linked to autoimmunity to self nucleic acid and associated
proteins
⢠TYPES â
A. CUTANEOUS LE
⢠Acute LE
⢠Subacute LE
⢠Chronic LE
B. SYSTEMIC LE
4. Classification criteria
⢠American rheumatology association criteria (ARA) 1971
⢠The criteria of the American College of Rheumatology(ACR),
first published in 1982 and revised in 1997
⢠Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)
2012.
⢠New ACR/ EULAR criteria 2019
7. Epidemiology
⢠SLE â 15-44years â F:M = 13:1 ; 2:1 in children and elderly
⢠All ethnicities, more prevalent in non caucasians
⢠DLE â 2:1 ; F:M ,peak age 4th decade
⢠Out of all the SLE patients
⢠ACLE 35 â 60%
⢠SCLE 7-27%
⢠CCLE 15-30%
8. Natural history and course
⢠SLE is a chronic disease of variable severity with a waxing and
waning course
⢠significant morbidity , can be fatal if not treated early
patients .
⢠.
9. Aetiology and pathogenesis
1.Genetic factors
⢠Reported concordance rate in identical twins is 65%
⢠Most consistent association are between HLADR2
and HLADR3 in white people.
12. 4.Hormonal factors
⢠estrogen or prolactin or testosterone
⢠can lead to an autoimmune phenotype
⢠increase mature high-affinity auto-reactive B cells.
⢠OCPs ,
⢠early menarche
⢠post menopausal estrogen
14. Mechanism of organ damage
⢠Vascular damage in SLE -
⢠Homocysteine and proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFNι,
impair endothelial function and decrease the availability of
endothelial precursor cells to repair endothelial injury.
⢠Impaired DNA repair as a result of mutations of the 3â repair
exonuclease 1 (TREX1), and increased accumulation of single
stranded DNA may activate the IFN-stimulatory DNA
response and direct immune-mediated injury to the
vasculature.
15. Clinical features
1.Mucocutaneous features
⢠almost universal in SLE with both lupus-specific and non-
specific lesions.
⢠Chances of developing SLE-
SCLE-50%
Localised DLE - 5%
Disseminated DLE -20%
16. Galliams Classification of skin lesions associated
with lupus erythematosus
LE â SPECIFIC SKIN DISEASE
A.Acute cutaneous LE (ACLE)-
1. Localised (malar rash or butterfly rash)
2. Generalised (maculo-papular rash, Photosensitive lupus
dermatitis , TEN variant )
B. Subacute cutaneous LE (SCLE)-
1.Annular SCLE
2. Papulosquamous or psoriasisform lesion: Photosensitive, spares
face
C. Chronic cutaneous LE (CCLE)
1. Classic discoid LE (DLE)-localised and disseminated
2. Hypertrophic/verrucous DLE
17. LE â SPECIFIC SKIN DISEASE contdâŚ.
3. Lupus profundus/lupus panniculitis
4. Mucosal DLE
5. Oral DLE
6.Conjunctival DLE
7. Lupus tumidus
8. Chilblain LE/ perniotic
9. Lichenoid DLE (LE/ lichen planus overlap )
18. LE-Non specific lesion
A. Cutaneous vascular disease-
1.Vasculitis-
a. leukocytoclastic
- Palpable purpura
- Urticarial vasculitis
b. Polyarteritis nodosa-like cutaneous lesions
2.Vasculopathy
a.Degos disease-like lesions
b.Secondary atrophie blanche (syn. livedoid vasculitis)
20. B. Nonscarring alopecia
1.Lupus hair
2.Telogen effluvium
3.Alopecia areata
C. Sclerodactyly
D. Rheumatoid nodules
E. Calcinosis cutis
21. F. LE-nonspecific bullous lesions
G. Urticaria
H. Papulonodular mucinosis
I. Acanthosis nigricans
J. Erythema multiforme
K.Leg ulcers
L. Lichen planus
M. Cutis laxa / anetoderma
27. lupus erythematosus tumidus
⢠Tumidus dermal form of lupus.
⢠Characteristically photosensitive
⢠Red, swollen, urticaria-like
plaques
⢠Ring-shaped (Annular) or
arciform
28. mucosa
⢠association with systemic disease activity
⢠SLE â 25 â 45%
⢠SLE -Painless ,shallow ,occurring in crops mainly over hard
palate
⢠DLE- buccal mucosa most commonly affected; hard palate
,vermilion border of lips are others.
⢠Lesions are of 3 types- erythematous lesions, discoid lesions
and ulcers.
.
29. ⢠Discoid lesions â white papule, central erythema, border zone
of irradiating white striae , and telegiectasia (20%)
⢠Ulcers â painful superficial erosions with irregular serrated
margins
30. Musculoskeletal features
⢠53â95%
⢠arthralgias/ arthritis
⢠Rarely tendinitis , tenosinovitis.
⢠Subcutaneous nodules along the flexor tendons of hand.
⢠Rhupus
31. Jaccoud arthropathy,
severe deformity of the
hands with ulnar
deviation and
swanâneck confi-
guration, often with
little pain and good
function,
occurred in 13% of pts
32. ⢠Generalised myalgia and muscle tenderness are common
during disease exacerbations.
⢠Inflammatory myositis
⢠Avascular necrosis (AVN) of bone; Symptomatic 5â12%.
⢠Osteoporosis
33. 3. Renal features-
⢠40â70%
⢠major cause of morbidity and hospital admissions.
⢠MPGN type 2-4 - Proteinuria , haematuria, red cell cast
⢠Membranous GN (type 5)- severe proteinuria, nephrotic
syndrome
⢠Urinalysis to detect and monitor disease renal activity.
⢠Most common â type 4
34.
35. 4. Nervous system features
⢠19 syndromes observed , collectively are referred to as
neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) syndromes.
⢠in decreasing order of frequency â
⢠cognitive dysfunction>Headache>Mood disturbances >
cerebrovascular disease> seizures > polyneuropathy> anxiety>
psychiosis
⢠Anti ribosomal P ab associated with lupus psychosis
36. 5. Cardiovascular features
⢠Pericarditis (common) 25%
⢠LibmanâSacks endocarditis -1â2% of patients.
⢠left side of the heart commonly involved.
⢠myocarditis
⢠one of the main prognostic predictors in SLE
⢠Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of death
in patients with longstanding SLE.
37. 6. Respiratory system
⢠The most common - pleuritis .
⢠pneumonitis â acute and chronic
⢠interstitial lung disease (ILD) 3â13%
⢠Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hemorraghe
⢠Shrinking lung syndrome
38. . Lymph node
⢠Lymphadenopathy characterised by typically soft , non-
tender, discrete lymph nodes usually detected in the cervical,
axillary, and inguinal area.
.Spleen
⢠10â45% of patients, particularly during active disease
⢠Splenic atrophy and functional hyposplenism have also been
reported.
39. 8. Haematologic features
⢠Anemia - most common and correlates with disease
activity.
⢠Leukopenia
⢠Pancytopenia
⢠Cause= haemolysis, bone marrow suppression ,
myelofibrosis, aplastic anaemia
40. ⢠thrombocytopenia .
⢠M.C cause- immune-mediated platelet destruction
⢠increased platelet consumption may also occur due to micro-
angiopathic haemolytic anaemia or hypersplenism.
41. GIT
⢠50% of patients
⢠Common- anorexia, nausea and vomiting
⢠Abdominal pain may be due to mesenteric vasculitis,
hepatobiliary disease, pancreatitis
⢠late complications â cirrhosis
42. 10.Thyroid disease .
⢠hyperthyroidism
⢠hypothyroidism
⢠thyroid autoantibodies in patients without diagnosed thyroid
disease
11.Involvement of the ears .
⢠Sudden sensorineural hearing loss
⢠may be associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome.
43. 12. Ophthalmic features
⢠Most common â keratoconjunctivitis sicca
⢠infarction of the retinal vasculature secondary to
antiphospholipid antibodies
⢠âcotton woolâ spots in the retina
⢠Cataract
⢠Uveitis, scleritis, optic neuritis extremely rare
44. SLE and pregnancy
Mothers.
⢠There is no significant difference in fertility if renal functions
are normal.
⢠Flares- increases from 40 to 60%
⢠Lupus Nephritis and antiphospholipid antibodies â risk factor
pre-eclampsia .
45. Fetus
⢠susceptibility - mother has a history of Lupus Nephritis,
antiphospholipid, anti-Ro and/or anti-La antibodies
⢠increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery,
intrauterine growth restriction, and fetal heart block.
⢠Cutaneous manifestation- 50% ; erythematous , slightly scaly
eruptions on face and periorbital skin
⢠Cardiac manifestation- conduction defect (1-2%)
46. Drug-induced lupus
⢠DIL should be suspected in patients with
⢠no diagnosis or history of SLE,
⢠who develop a positive ANA and at least one clinical feature
of lupus after
⢠an appropriate duration of drug exposure( 3- 6 months)
⢠and whose symptoms resolve after discontinuation of the
drug.
47. ⢠commonly in older age group.
⢠Haematological abnormalities, kidney disease, and CNS lupus
are uncommon.
⢠Antihistone antibodies >95% of cases
⢠hypocomplementaemia and anti-DNA antibodies absent
⢠Arthralgia- 1st and common , constitutional symptoms
⢠Cutaneous â malar rash, vasculitic, bullous , EM like
⢠SCLE â common
⢠Less- scarring alopecia ,discoid lesion , oral ulcer
49. Morbidity, comorbidities, and
mortality
⢠early mortality - lupus activity and infection,
⢠late mortality - atherosclerotic complications.
Infections-
⢠20â55% of all deaths
⢠due to underlying immune dysregulation and therapeutic
factors
50. Prognostic indicators
⢠poor prognosis (50%mortality in 10 years) at time of diagnosis
associated with â
⢠High serum creatinine (>1.4 mg/dl)
⢠Hypertension
⢠Nephrotic syndrome( 24 h urine protein >2.6g)
⢠Anaemia(Hb < 12.4 gm/dl)
⢠Hypoalbuminemia
⢠Hypocomplementemia
⢠Antiphospholipid antibodies
⢠Male
⢠Blacks
⢠Low socioeconomic status
51. How to approach a case of lupus
⢠History
⢠Examination
⢠Investigations â routine : hematological
⢠CBC with DLC , ESR , CRP, LFT, RFT , Urinalysis
⢠Specific:
⢠24 hour urine protein ,
⢠ANA , DsDNA, Coombs , VDRL, C3 and C4 levels
⢠Antiphospholipid antibodies
⢠Anti smith , SSA, SSB, U1RNP
⢠Radiological : chest x ray , USG abdomen
56. ANA TESTING IN SLE
⢠Immunofluorescence-ANA:
⢠Inexpensive and easy to perform, with high sensitivity and
specificity
⢠Majority of the laboratories around the world are now using
HEp-2 cell substrates(cultured cells of laryngeal squamous cell
carcinoma )
⢠IF-ANA test is widely used and considered to be gold standard
57. ď ANA titer :
⢠It is directly proportional to antibody concentration
⢠low titer - less significant than a high titer
⢠may be seen even in healthy individuals.
⢠Acc. To EULAR criteria , ANA titre of >1:80 - considered
significant
58. MANAGEMENT OF SLE
⢠General measures
⢠counseling â outcome, complication , precautions
⢠Sun protection
⢠Regular exercise , stretching , diet
⢠Vitamin D supplementation
⢠Stop smoking
⢠Prevention of co-morbidities
59. Monitoring
⢠Assess disease activity and damage
⢠CBC, DLC
⢠ESR,CRP
⢠LFT, RFT
⢠URM â serial test if abnormal
⢠24hour urine protein , ACR ratio, creat cl, usg renal
⢠If renal disease- annual GFR
⢠Renal biopsy
61. LOCAL THERAPY
⢠TOPICAL STEROIDS
â˘Topical Pimecrolimus 1% cream and tacrolimus 0.1% ointment
⢠calcipotriol
â˘Topical methotrexate
â˘Intralesional steroids
62. ⢠ANTIMALARIAL -
⢠Hydroxychloroquine sulfate
⢠MOA-(1) light filtration (2) immunosuppressive actions
⢠(3) antiinflammatory actions, (4) antiproliferative effects through
an inhibition of DNA/RNA biosynthesis
⢠Slow response , may take 2 or 3 months for efficacy to be
appreciated
SYSTEMIC THERAPY
63. HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE
DOSE-usually 200 mg once or twice per day.
ď efficacy of HCQ established in studies with a prescribed dose
of 6.5 mg/kg/day
ď At this dose, eye toxicity is quite unlikely
64. ⢠Provide rapid symptom relief.
⢠Low dose oral prednisolone (0.1-0.2 mg/kg)- mild SLE and
musculoskeletal manifestations resistant to other thaerpy
⢠High dose oral prednisolone(1-1.5 mg/kg)
⢠intravenous Methyprednisolone(1g /day for 3 days) â CNS, renal
manifestation or systemic vasculitis.
⢠Once controlled ,dose can be reduced to <7.5mg / day.
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
65. ⢠more rapid GC tapering
⢠prevent disease flares.
⢠The choice depends on prevailing disease manifestation(s),
patient age and childbearing potential, safety concerns and cost.
⢠Methotrexate (MTX) (7.5 -25mg/week)
⢠Azathioprin(1.5-2.5mg/kg)
⢠MMF(1- 3gm/day)
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS
70. SLE IN PREGNANCY
⢠For a successful pregnancy â
⢠disease should be quiescent for at least 6 months before the
conception.
⢠Oral corticosteroids - relatively safe.
⢠May need to temporarily increase at the time of delivery and
post partum.
⢠If the patient is on azathioprin , it can be continued .
⢠Hydroxychloroquine may be continued- reduced disease
activity, risk of CHB and neonatal lupus activity.
71. LACTATION
⢠Safe with low dose steroids and hydroxychloroquine
⢠For azathioprin, feeding should be done 4 hours post maternal
dose.
⢠With other immunosuppresives, breast feeding should be
better avoided.