The document discusses different types of waste and methods for solid waste management. It defines solid waste as materials with no direct economic value that are generated from various human activities. Solid waste management aims to control waste generation, storage, collection, transport, processing and disposal. Key methods for treating solid waste discussed are segregation, reduce-reuse-recycle, composting, anaerobic digestion, landfilling, and incineration.

2. CONTENT
 TYPES OF WASTE
 WHAT IS SOLID WASTE ?
 WHAT IS SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ?
 TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
 METHODS OF TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE

3. WHAT IS WASTE?
• Waste are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance
which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of
no use. A by-product by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor
economic value. A waste product may become a by-product, joint
product or resource through an invention that raises a waste
product's value above zero.

4. Based on physical state
• Solid waste
• Liquid waste
• Gaseous waste
Based on biodegradable state
• Biodegradable waste
• Non biodegradable waste
Based on human health
• Hazardous waste
• Non hazardous waste
TYPES OF WASTE

5. • Bio degradable waste : Biodegradation is the
breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms,
such as bacteria and fungi.Biodegradable waste
can be found in municipal solid waste (sometimes
called biodegradable municipal waste, or as green
waste, food waste, paper waste and
biodegradable plastics). Other biodegradable
wastes include human waste, manure, sewage,
sewage sludge and slaughterhouse waste. In the
absence of oxygen, much of this waste will decay
to methane by anaerobic digestion.

6. • Non biodegradable waste : it is defined
as a substance that cannot be
decomposed or dissolved naturally and
acts as a source of pollution. plastics,
metal, aluminum cans, tires, pains, toxic
chemicals, toxic chemicals, polystyrene,
etc.

7. • Municipal waste
MSW includes commercial and residential wastes
generated in municipal or notified areas in either
solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial
hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical
wastes. It consists of household waste, wastes from
hotels and restaurants, construction and demolition
debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets.
• garden waste
Garden waste is the accumulated plant matter from
gardening activities which involve cutting or
removing vegetation, i.e. cutting the lawn, weed
removal, hedge trimming or pruning consisting of
lawn clippings. leaf matter, wood and soil. The
composition and volume of garden waste can vary
from season to season and location to location.

8. • Commercial waste
is a type of industrial waste that is generated as the
result of activities in the business sector. Unlike
industrial waste, which comes from factories and
industrial plants, commercial waste arises from the
activities of wholesalers, catering establishments,
shops, and offices.
• Medical waste
medical waste or hospital waste is any kind of waste
containing infectious materials. It may also include
waste associated with the generation of medical
waste that visually appears to be of medical or
laboratory origin (e.g. packaging, unused bandages,
infusion kits etc.), as well research laboratory waste
containing biomolecules or organisms that are mainly
restricted from environmental release

9. • Agricultural waste:
Waste generated from farming activities.
These are mostly bio biodegradable.
• E-waste :
Electronic waste generated from any
modern establishments. They may be
discarded electrical or electronic
devices. Some electronic scrap
components, such as wires, circuits,
mobile, computer etc.

10. Sources of waste
https://youtu.be/_NkqwMitQ8o

11. WHAT IS SOLID WASTE?
• A material which has negligible value to the
producer and there is no direct composition of
the generated waste.
• It is generated due to various activities that can
be residual and commercial, agricultural, etc.
• Sources:
o Municipal solid waste(MSW ): street sweeping,
sewage treatment plant (stp), waste from
schools & other institution etc.
o Domestic waste: garbage, paints, spoiled food
etc.
o Commercial waste , mining , agricultural waste,
hospital waste, industrial waste, E waste.

12. EFFECTS
• Changes properties of sol, air and water
causing pollution.
• Produces foul smell, breed insects and
organism.
• Lead to spread of many diseases, infections,
etc. affecting human and animal population.
• Harmful chemical are released into
environment.

13. SOLID WASTE IN INDIA
• 7.2 Million tones of hazardous waste.
• 1sq km of additional landfill area every year.
• About 150 million tones of high volume low
hazard waste every year, which is mostly
dumped on open low lying area.
• Cities like Bengaluru produced 2000tonnes
of waste per annum, the ever increasing
waste has put pressure on hygienic
condition of the city.
• Estimated waste generation is 100000
MT/day.
• Per capita waste generation ranges between
0.2-0.6 kg.

14. MOJOR DEFICIENCIES
• Littering of garbage due to unorganized
primary collection
• Provision and operation of interim
storage facilities unsatisfactory
• Irregular garbage lifting
• Transportation system not synchronize
with storage facilities
• processing/ treatment of MSW not
practiced
• Final disposal through dumping and not
SLF

15. SOLID WASTE MANAGMENT
• Defined as the discipline associated with control of generation,
storage, collection, transport, processing and disposal of solid waste
materials
waste generation
on site handling, storage and processing
waste collection
Waste transfer and transport
Waste processing and recovery

16. OBJECTIVES
• Reduce, reuse & recycle
• Energy generation
• Sustainable development
• Public hygiene & health

17. separators Sorting plant
Waste balers
Conveyor belts

18. SOLID WASTE TREATMENT
The processing methods available for management of solid waste
1. Segregation
2. Reduce, reuse & recycle
3. Chemical processing
4. Biological processing

19. SEGREGATION
• Waste sorting is the process by which is separated into different
elements.
• Dividing waste into dry and wet .
• Can be segregated as
biodegradable
non biodegradable

20. REDUCE, REUSE & RECYCLE
• Reduction : it focus on the source of waste,
source reduction is carried out when products
are designed, manufactured, packed, and
used in way that limits the amount or toxicity
of waste created.
• Reuse: is when an items is cleaned and the
material are used again.
• Recycle : reproducing of disposed material
into new and useful products.

21. CHEMICAL PROCESSING
• Involves the chemical transformation or conversion of organic fraction of wastes
into various useful compounds such as glucose, synthetic oils, gases etc.
• e.g. glucose is recovered from wastes containing cellulose(paper)
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
• It involves processes like compositing, anaerobic conversion, anaerobic
fermentation and digestion.
• The products formed by these processes included compost, methane, various
proteins, alcohols, and a wide variety of intermediate organic product.

22. COMPOSTING
• It is controlled biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food and yard waste,
into humns.
• Composting is the natural process of rotting or decomposition of organic matter by
micro organism under controlled.
• It can be anaerobic and aerobic and
vermicompound .
• This process takes about 4-6 weeks
BENEFITS
oProvides nutrients to the soil
oIncreases beneficial soil organisms
oProtects soil from erosion
oAssist pollution remediataion

23. AEROBIC
• Aerobic composting is the process by which organic wastes are converted into
compost or manure in presence of air.
• In anaerobic composting, decomposition occurs where oxygen (O) is absent or in
limited supply. Under this method, anaerobic micro-organisms dominate and
develop intermediate compounds including methane, organic acids, hydrogen
sulphide and other substances.
ANAEROBIC

24. VERMICOMPOSTING
• Vermicomposting is a simple
biotechnology process of composting,
in which certain species of earthworms
are used to enhance the process of
waste conversion and produce a better
product.
• Easiest method to recycle agricultural
waste
• Earthworms consume biomass and
excrete it in digested form called worm
casts/black gold.

25. TYPES OF VERMICOMPOSTING
• SMALL SCALE VERMICOMPOSTING :
Personal requirement (5-10 tonnes of vermicompost annually)
• LARGE SCALE VERMICOMPOSTING:
Commercial sacle (50-100 tonnes annually)
METHODS
Bed method :composting is done on kuccha floor by making bed (6*2*2 feet) of
organic mixture. This method id easy to maintain and to practice.
Pit method :composting is done in the cemented pits of size (5*5*3feet). The unit
is covered with thatch grass or other locally available materials. This method is not
preferred due to poor aeration, water logging at bottom, and more cost of
production.

26. Bed vermicomposting
Pit vermicomposting

27. STEPS FOLLOWED FOR VERMICOMPOST PREPARATION
• Composting unit should be in a cool, moist and shady site.
• Cow dung and chopped dried leafy materials are mixed in proportion of 3:1.
• Kept in partial decomposition for 15-20 days.
• A layer of 15-20cm of chopped dried leaves/grasses should be kept as bedding material at the
bottom of the bed.
• Beds of partially decomposed material of size 6*2*2 feet should be made.
• Each bed should contain 1.5-2 q of raw material and the number of beds can be increased as
per raw material availability and requirement.
• Red earthworm (1500-2000) should be released on the upper layer on bed.
• Water should be sprinkled with can immediately after the release of worms.
• Bed should be kept moist by sprinkling of water (daily) and by covering with gunny bag.
• Bed should be turned once after 30 days for maintaining aeration and for proper
decomposition.
• Compost get ready in 45-50 days.
• The finished product is 3/4th of the raw material cost.
https://youtu.be/2F3kdjDdF0w

28. LANDFILLING
• Landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest
form of waste treatment.
• Waste is directly dumped into mining voids or borrow pits. Disposed waste is
compacted and covered with soil.
• Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate
power.
LANDFILLING CAN BE DONE BY THREE METHODS:
• Trench method
• Area method
• Ramp method

30. TRENCH METHOD
• The trench method consist
of an excavated into which
the solid wastes are
spread, compacted and
covered.
• The trench method is best
suited for nearly level land
where the water table is
not near the surface
AREA METHOD
• The area method is best suited
for flat or gently sloping area
where some land depression
may exist.
• The wastes are spread,
compacted and then covered

32. RAMP METHOD
• It is also known as depression method.
• The slope or ramp is sometimes used in combination with the slope, compacted
and covered.
ADVANTAGES
 Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option.
 The gas given of by the landfill site could be collected and used for generating
power.
 Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of by landfill in comparison to
other waste disposal method.
DISADVANTAGES
 Can be pollute air, water and also the soil.
 Can contribute to the global warming.

33. INCINERATION
• Incineration is a waste management technology
that involves the combustion of organic material
• It is carried out at high temperature.
• The waste material is converted into ash, flue
gases, particulates and heat.
TYPES OF INCINERATORS:
Moving grate
Fixed grate
Fluidized bed
Rotary kiln
ADVANTAGES
• Less space requirement
• Hygiene process
DISADVANTAGES
• Expensive process
• Special care required

35. PYROLYSIS
Defined as thermal degradation of
waste in the absence of air to produce
char, pyrolysis oil & syngas, e.g. the
conversion of wood to charcoal also it
is defined as destructive distillation of
waste in absence of oxygen. External
sources of heat is employed in this
process.

38. https://youtu.be/UAscjVNNF0Q
https://youtu.be/N9RcdtKeCzU