its helpful for everyone. Because,chikungunia is a dangerous virus. We have to know about it.

1. WELCOME TO OUR
PRESENTATION

2. CHIKUNGUNYA
 Group members-
UG-08-28-16-020
UG-08-28-16-032
UG-08-28-16-034
UG-08-28-16-034
UG-08-28-16-034

3. WHAT IS CHIKUNGUNIA?
Chikungunya is an infection caused by the
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Most people are
better within a week; however, occasionally
the joint pain may last for months. The risk of
death is around 1 in 1,000. The very young,
old, and those with other health problems are
at risk of more severe disease.
The term is from the Kimakonde language and
means "to become contorted".

4. SOURCE
Family – Togaviridae
Genus – Alpha virus
Chikungunya viral infection
manifests with febrile illness.
Scientific name- Aedes aegypti

5. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• The incubation period of the Chikungunya virus ranges
from 1-12 days, and most typically 3-7.
• The disease may be asymptomatic, but generally is not,
as 72% to 97% of those infected will develop
symptoms.
• Characteristic symptoms include sudden onset with
high fever, joint pain, and rash. Other symptoms may
occur, including headache, fatigue, digestive
complaints, and conjunctivitis.
• Joint pain is reported in 87–98% of cases, and nearly
always occurs in more than one joint, though joint
swelling is uncommon.

6. CAUSE
 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was first isolated in 1952 in
Tanzania and is an RNA virus with a positive-sense
single-stranded genome of about 11.6kb.
 It is a member of the Semliki Forest virus complex and
is closely related to Ross River virus, O'nyong'nyong
virus, and Semliki Forest virus. Because it is transmitted
by arthropods, namely mosquitoes, it can also be
referred to as an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus). In
the United States, it is classified as a category C priority
pathogen, and work requires biosafety level III
precautions.

7. TREATMENT
• Currently, no specific treatment for chikungunya
is available. Supportive care is recommended,
and symptomatic treatment of fever and joint
swelling includes the use of nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs such as naproxen, non-
aspirin analgesics such as paracetamol
(acetaminophen) and fluids. Aspirin is not
recommended due to the increased risk of
bleeding. Despite anti-inflammatory effects,
corticosteroids are not recommended during the
acute phase of disease, as they may cause
immuno-suppression and worsen infection.

8. HISTORY
The word ‘Chikungunya' is believed to have been
derived from a description in the Makonde
language, meaning "that which bends up", of the
contorted posture of people affected with the
severe joint pain and arthritic symptoms
associated with this disease.
The disease was first described by Marion
Robinson and W.H.R.Lumsden in 1955.
Isolated in Aedes aegypti mosquito’s and man in
1952 in Tanzania.

9. EPIDERMICS OF CHIKUNGUNYA
Large epidermics were recognized in
Transvaal of South Africa, Zambia, India
and South-east Asia, Philippines. Now, it’s
also epidermics in Bangladesh.

10. OUT BREAKS of CHIKUNGUNYA
Out breaks occur during rainy season with
increasing densities of Aedes aegypti
mosquito.
Mosquito’s bites infect the Humans.
Laboratory acquired infection can also occur.

11. MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
Isolation of Virus,
Amplification of Nucleic acid,
Routine Diagnosis with serology.
Detection of IgM antibody provides a specific
and reliable means for early diagnosis. ELISA
and Dot blotting methods are used.

12. How CHIKUNGUNYA can be
prevented?
Use mosquito repellents on skin and clothing,
When indoors, stay in well-screened areas.
Use bed nets if sleeping in areas that are not
screened or air-conditioned.
When working outdoors during day times,
wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants to
avoid mosquito bite.

13. THANK YOU

14. VIRAL REPLICATION
• The virus consists of four nonstructural proteins and
three structural proteins. The structural proteins are
the capsid and two envelope glycoproteins : E1 and E2,
which form heterodimeric spikes on the viron surface.
E2 binds to cellular receptors in order to enter the host
cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. E1
contains a fusion peptide which, when exposed to the
acidity of the endosome in eukaryotic cells, dissociates
from E2 and initiates membrane fusion that allows the
release of nucleocapsids into the host cytoplasm,
promoting infection. The mature virion contains 240
heterodimeric spikes of E2/E1, which after release, bud
on the surface of the infected cell, where they are
released by exocytosis to infect other cells.

15. • The virus may circulate within a number of animals including birds and
rodents. Diagnosis is by either testing the blood for the virus's RNA or
antibodies to the virus. The symptoms can be mistaken for those of
dengue fever and Zika fever. After a single infection it is believed most
people become immune.
• The best means of prevention is overall mosquito control and the
avoidance of bites in areas where the disease is common. This may be
partly achieved by decreasing mosquitoes' access to water and with the
use of insect repellent and mosquito nets. There is no vaccine and no
specific treatment as of 2016.Recommendations include rest, fluids, and
medications to help with fever and joint pain.
• While the disease typically occurs in Africa and Asia, outbreaks have been
reported in Europe and the Americas since the 2000s. In 2014 more than a
million suspected cases occurred. In 2014 it was occurring in Florida in the
continental United States but as of 2016 there was no further locally
acquired cases. The disease was first identified in 1952 in Tanzania .