The document provides information about the key components of a television and how they are manufactured and used. It discusses the major components including the housing made of plastic, the picture tube made of precision glass, the audio system, and electronic parts. It describes the manufacturing processes for these components and how they work together. The document also briefly discusses recycling of materials and waste from television manufacturing.

1. Television

2. Jens
Martensson
Contents
Introduction
Major Components and their materials
Use Of Components
Byproducts /Waste
Conclusion
2

3. Jens
Martensson
Introduction
3
Television is a system for transmitting visual
images and sound that are reproduced on
screens, chiefly used to broadcast programs for
entertainment, information, and education. The
television set has become a commonplace in
many households, businesses, and institutions.
It is a major vehicle for advertising. Few
inventions have had as much effect on
contemporary American society as television.
Jeff Greenfield, a media observer, stated
“Television is the pervasive American pass time
cutting through geographic, ethnic class and
cultural diversity, it is the single binding thread
of this country, the one experience that touches
young and old, rich and poor, learned and
illiterate (Biagi, 2005).

4. Jens
Martensson
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Major components and their materials
Raw Materials
The television consists of four principle sets of parts, including the exterior or housing, the audio reception and speaker system, the picture tube, and
a complicated mass of electronics including cable and antennae input and output devices, a built-in antenna in most sets, a remote control receiver,
computer chips, and access buttons. The remote control or "clicker" may be considered a fifth set of parts.
The housing of the set is made of injection-molded plastic, although wood cabinets are still available for some models. Metals and plastics also
comprise the audio system. The picture tube requires precision-made glass, fluorescent chemical coatings, and electronic attachments around and at
the rear of the tube. The tube is supported inside the housing by brackets and braces molded into the housing. The antennae and most of the input-
output connections are made of metal, and some are coated with special metals or plastic to improve the quality of the connection or insulate the
device. The chips, of course, are made of metal, solder, and silicon.
Design
The design of the television requires input and teamwork on the part of a range of design engineers. Audio, video, plastics, fiber optics, and
electronics engineers all participate in conceptualizing a new television design and the technical and sales features that will set it apart. A new
design of television may have one or many new applications of technology as features. It may only be a different size of an existing model, or it may
include an array of new features such as an improved sound system, a remote control that also controls other entertainment devices, and an
improved screen or picture, such as the flat black screens that have entered the marketplace recently.
Conceptual plans for the new set are produced by the engineering team. The concept may change and be redrawn many times before the design is
preliminarily approved for manufacture. The engineering specialists then select and design the components of the set, and a prototype is made to
prove out the design. The prototype is essential, not only for confirming the design, appearance, and function of the set, but also for production
engineers to determine the production processes, machining, tools, robots, and modifications to existing factory production lines that also have to be
designed or modified to suit the proposed new design. When the prototype passes rigid reviews and is approved for manufacture by management,
detailed plans and specifications for design and production of the model are produced. Raw materials and components manufactured by others can
then be ordered, the production line can be constructed and tested, and the first sets can begin their ride down the assembly line.

5. Jens
Martensson
5
The Manufacturing Process
Housing
· 1 Almost all television housings are made of plastic by the process of injection molding, in which precision molds are made and liquid plastic is
injected under high pressure to fill the molds. The pieces are released from the molds, trimmed, and cleaned. They are then assembled to complete the
housing. The molds are designed so that brackets and supports for the various components are part of the housing.
Picture tube
· 2 The television picture tube, or cathode ray tube (CRT), is made of precision glass that is shaped to have a slightly curved plate at the front or screen.
It may also have a dark tint added to the face plate glass, either during production of the glass or by application directly to the inside of the screen.
Darker face plates produce improved picture contrast. When the tube is manufactured, a water suspension of phosphor · chemicals is allowed to settle
on the inside of the face plate, and this coating is then overlaid with a thin film of aluminum that lets electrons pass through. The aluminum serves as a
mirror to prevent light from bouncing back into the tube.
· Glass for picture tubes is supplied by a limited number of manufacturers in Japan and Germany. Quantities of the quality of glass needed for picture
tubes are limited, and the emergence of large-screen sets has created a shortage in this portion of the industry. The large screens are also very heavy, so
flat-panel displays using plasma-addressed liquid crystal (PALC) displays were developed in the 1980s. This gas plasma technology uses electrodes to
excite layers of neon or magnesium oxide, so they release ultraviolet radiation that activates the phosphor on the back of the television screen. Because
the gas is trapped in a thin layer, the screen can also be thin and lightweight. Projection TVs use digital micro mirror devices (DMDs) to project their
pictures.
· A shadow mask with 200,000 holes lies immediately behind the phosphor screen; the holes are precisely machined to align the colors emitted by
three electron
beams. Today's best picture tubes have shadow masks that are manufactured from a nickel-iron alloy called Invar; lesser quality sets have masks of
iron. The alloy allows the tube to operate at a higher temperature without distorting the picture, and higher temperatures allow brighter pictures. Rare-
earth elements have also been added to the phosphor coating inside the tube to improve brightness.
· The electrons are fired by three tubular, metal electron guns that are carefully seated in the neck, or narrow end, of the tube. After the electron guns
are placed inside the tube, the picture tube is evacuated to a near vacuum so air does not interfere with the movement of the electrons. The small
opening at the rear of the tube is sealed with a fitted electrical plug that will be positioned near the back of the set. A deflection yoke, consisting of
several electromagnetic coils, is fitted around the outside of the neck of the picture tube. The coils cause pulses of high direct the scanning electron
beams in the proper direction and speed.
Audio system
· 3 The housing also contains fittings for speakers, wiring, and other parts of the audio system. The speakers are usually made by a specialized
manufacturer to the specifications of the television manufacturer, so they are assembled in the set as components or a subassembly. Electronic sound

6. Jens
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Electronic parts
· 4 When the picture tube and the audio speakers and attachments are assembled in the set, other electronic elements are added to
the rear of the set. The antennae, cable jacks, other input and output jacks, the electronics for receiving remote control signals, and
other devices are prepared by specialty contractors or as subassemblies else-where on the assembly line. They are then mounted in
the set, and the housing is closed.

7. Jens
Martensson
Use of Components
7
Cathode Ray Tube
A cathode ray tube enables an image to be seen on the screen of the television. It works by sending out a beam of electrons which
then land on the TV screen and create a visual display.
Most televisions used today utilize a cathode ray tube (CRT) inside of the TV to display images. The cathode is a heated filament
similar to the filament in a typical light bulb, and it is placed within a vacuum inside a glass tube while a stream of electrons shoots from
the heated cathode into the vacuum.
Light Valve
The light valve works in conjunction with the cathode ray tube. It provides a fixed source of light that essentially lights up the electrons
from the cathode ray tube so that they can be seen on the screen. Light valves have improved in quality as technology has advanced.
High-definition TVs provide clearer and brighter pictures as a result of more sophisticated light valves.

8. Jens
Martensson
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Logic Board
The electrical wiring within a TV set consists of transformers, coils, chokes and resistors. These components are secured on a logic
board. The circuit provides the correct electrical supply and sends messages to the various components of the TV set. It is the brain of
the TV and enables it to function.
Capacitors
A capacitor is a device that stores an electrical charge between two metal plates and releases the energy as light. The capacitor in a TV
set would give you a severe electrical shock if you touched it because it stores a large amount of power.

9. Jens
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Screen and Surround
The most obvious components of a TV are the ones you can see. These are the screen and the TV surround. The material the screen is
made from varies. Traditional screens were made from glass; however, more modern units, such as LCD and plasma screens, are made
from plastic. The surround of the TV is the outer shell which protects the internal components of the TV listed previously. This shell is usually
made of a durable plastic.
Anodes
Between the cathode and the TV a set of anodes are installed to focus the stream of electrons into a tight beam and to accelerate the
electron beam. Then the accelerated electron beam is sent by the anodes through the vacuum in the tube until it hits the screen of the TV on
the other side

10. Steering Coil
Steering coils consist of copper winding coils that are capable of creating magnetic fields inside the tube to direct the electron beam. There
are two sets of coils inside of a CTR that direct the beam as to which direction to go and where to hit the screen on the other side; one set of
coils creates a magnetic field that directs the electron beam vertically and the other set moves the beam horizontally.
TV Phosphors
Phosphors pertain to any material that emits visible light when exposed to radiation caused by either ultraviolet light or by a beam of
electrons. In a CTR, and thus in a TV, phosphor coats the inside of the screen, and when the electron beam strikes the phosphor, it makes
the screen glow. To produce color for color TVs, three phosphors are arranged as dots that emit red, green and blue light, along with three
electron beams that illuminate the three different colors together to generate and display any other colors on the light spectrum.

11. Byproducts/Waste
There are no byproducts from the manufacture of the television, although many other devices are a part of the television "family" and are often produced by
the same manufacturer. These include the remote control, computer monitors, video recorders (VCRs), laser disc players, and a host of devices that may
require compatible design and components. Specialized televisions are produced for some industries, including television studios and mobile broadcast
facilities, hospitals, and for surveillance applications for public safety and use in inaccessible or dangerous locations.
Wastes may include metals, plastics, glass, and chemicals. Metals, plastics, and glass are isolated and recycled unless they have been specially treated or
coated. Chemicals are carefully monitored and controlled; often, they can be purified and recycled, so disposal of hazardous wastes can be minimized.
Hazardous waste plans are in effect in all stages of manufacture, both to minimize quantities of waste and to protect workers.
Conclusion
Television has changed drastically from the cathode ray tube in the late 1800’s, to the Community Antenna televisions in 1940’s, to viewing
television online in 2008 (Campbell et al, 2012). Television provides hours of entertainment and news for our viewing purposes. The Three
Major Networks: NBC, CBS, and ABC provided a beginning for other broadcast companies. The programs that they offered spanned from
situational comedies to dramas, which is very similar to television programming today. Cable television, although very costly, provides a means
for several different types of television programming and advertisements. Advertising will continue to have an economic impact on television
because this is a major medium for advertising firms to reach the consumers. With the rise of social media, audiences will be able to interact
with television shows like never before. They will continue to be able to use their electronic devices to view television shows and respond to
television shows quickly and reach the masses. The future of television is inevitable, but will knowingly have an impact on our society as it has
from the beginning of its existence.

12. Thank
You
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