CAPSTONE PROJECT 1

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TAUBNS-Capstone Project1
CAPSTONE PROJECT 1
Title.
PREMARURE ENGAGEMENT IN SEXUAL ACTIVITIES BY
ADOLESCENTS: AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS IMPACTS ON THEIR
HEALTH, ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL-WELFARE. The case of Government
High School Kendem, Mbeme and Kendem Communities – Mamfe, South
West Region of Cameroon.
Presented by JOHN NYAH MBOUT
Category/School: School of Nursing – Texila American University Guyana
Program: RN – BSN
Application Number: 19874
Due Date: 25th February, 2017

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1: Background of the study……………………………………………………….3
1.2: Research Question……………………………………………………………..4
1.3: Study Objectives……………………………………………………………….4
1.3.1: General objective…………………………………………………………….4
1.3.2: Specific objectives………………………………………………...................4
1.4: Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………..5
1.5: Significance (purpose)of the study……………………………………………5
CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER THREE: PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS OF
RESULTS
3.1: For the students……………………………………………………...................6
3.1.1: Factors responsible for premature engagement in sexual activities…………6
3.1.2: Age at which respondents first started sexual intercourse…………………...7
3.1.3: Knowledge on the impacts and preventive measures against premature
engagement in sexual activities………………………………………….................8
3.2: For the teachers: Their role in the prevention of this practice………………..10
3.3: For the parents: Their role in the prevention of this practice………………...12
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
4.1: Discussion of results………………………………………………………….13
4.1.1: Factors responsible for the premature engagement in sexual activities by
adolescents………………………………………………………………………...13
4.1.2: Age at which respondents first started sexual intercourse………………….13
4.1.3: Knowledge on the impacts and preventive measures against premature
engagement in sexual activities…………………………………………………...14
4.2: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………16
Bibliography…….………………………………………………………………...17

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Generally, adolescence is considered a time of transition from childhood to
adulthood during which there are physical changes associated with puberty
(Adamchak et al., 2000; Senderowits and Paxman, 1985). From this biological
perspective, adolescence is defined as a period of lifespan of between the ages 10
to 19 years (WHO, 2012).
Despite continuing education and efforts to inform adolescents of the health risks
and consequences of premature engagement in sexual activity, many sexually
active teens do not consider themselves to be at risk for STIs and pregnancy. In a
Kaiser Family Foundation study of U.S teenagers, 29% of teens reported feeling
pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported being in a relationship
where they felt things were moving too fast with sexually, and 24% had done
something they didn’t really want to do (Kimberly, 1998). A study conducted
found that adolescents who were more exposed to sexuality in the media were also
more likely to engage in early sexual activity themselves (L’Engle et al, 2006).
According to “Time Magazine” (2008), teens exposed to sexual contact on TV are
twice as likely as teens watching less of these materials to be involved in
premature sexual intercourse and become pregnant before they reach age 20.
Adolescents who intentionally seek out pornography both on line and off line, are
overwhelmingly male. The average age a boy will first view pornography is 11,
and experts say it is the major form of sex today for boys “and a cultural force”
that is shaping the sexual attitudes of the entire generation (Jerald et al, 2008).
Adolescents in families with lower income (below 20.000 dollars) have sex four to
six months earlier than those from higher income families (Kimberly, 1998). At a
summit at Detroit on “Girls And Sexual Attitude”, it was revealed that some girls
age 13 to 16 are dating men as old as 30 because the men can give them things –
love, money, presents – that their parents cannot (Rochelle Riley, 2008).
According to UNICEF (2001), in 10 out of 12 developed nations, more than 2/3 of
young people have had sexual intercourse while still in their teens. In Denmark,
Finland, Germany, Iceland, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States,
the proportion is over 80%. In Australia, the United Kingdom and the United
States, approximately 25% of 15 years old and 50% of 17 years old have had sex.
According to Massachusetts (2007), over 40% who are having sex are doing so

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between 3pm and 10pm, mostly at their family homes or other partner’s family
homes. Only 4% in a car, truck, or pack; and 3% in a hotel or motel. African-
American girls experience puberty development earlier (Herman-Gidden et al.,
1997), hence, are very vulnerable to early initiation of sexual intercourse putting
them at risk of STIs, teenage pregnancy (Wyatt, 1994; Zabin, 1995; Deswell,
2000).
According to Thumbi (1998), an estimated 2.2 million or 1 in 4 people are HIV
positive in Kenya with the prevalence highest among women of ages 20 to 24 and
men 30 to 39. This is attributed to the high incubation period of HIV, hence, gotten
during adolescence. According to Orr Beiter et al., (1991), the highest probability
of emotional soars, guilt, confusion about self and others…make sexual activity a
high risk proportion for both boys and girls. They added that, non-virginal boys
and girls were significantly more likely than their virginal cohorts to engage on
other activities considered risky, like gang involvement, unprotected and more
frequent sexual intercourse, abortion, teenage marriage, emotional distress and
suicidal involvement, lower academic performance, school suspension, lower
expectations of going back to school. Hayne et al., (2007) added teens that start
having sex significantly earlier than their teens also show higher rate of
delinquency in later years. According to P.M Tebeu et al., (2010), in a study
carried out from 2003 to 2005 in 14 hospitals in Cameroon, 8222 births out of
57787 with available maternal age were of teenage mothers. In recent studies in the
University Hospital Centre in Yaounde, the authors reported that the first delivery
among adolescents was associated with prematurity, perinea tear, fetal distress,
episiotomy, use of Oxytocin, delivery by C/S and still birth.
1.2: RESEARCH QUESTION
What could be the main impacts behind the premature engagement of adolescents
in sexual activities vis-à-vis health, academic and social welfare?
1.3. STUDY OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES
To find out the health, academic and social impact in the premature engagement of
adolescents in sexual activities
1.3.2: SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

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1) To identify the factors that are responsible for the early engagement in
sexual activities by adolescents
2) To find out the age at which respondents first started sexual intercourse.
3) To assess respondents knowledge on the impacts and preventive measures of
the practice.
1.4: HYPOTHESIS
Adolescents who are aware of the health, academic and social consequences of
premature engagement in sexual activities are more likely to refrain from it than
those who are not.
1.5: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY (PURPOSE)
This project will bring out 1) reasons why adolescents indulge in premature sexual
activities so that corrective measures can be put in place, 2) the various health,
academic and social impacts they face, 3) teachers guidance, counselors, and
parents will help educate adolescents to embrace informed choices of positive
sexual behaviours.
2.0: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study was carried out in Government High School (G.H.S) Kendem – Mamfe,
South West Region of Cameroon. A descriptive cross sectional study design was
used. The investigator collected primary data from sample of respondents who
were a representative of the study population. The study population were students
and teachers of G.H.S Kendem, and parents of Kendem and Mbeme villages whose
children go to this college. A sample size of 80 (50 students and, 10 teachers and
20 parents) was recruited for the study. The simple and systematic random
sampling methods, listing sampling method and the convenient method of
sampling were the sampling techniques employed in order to come out with the
sample size above. Data collection instruments/tools used for primary data
collection were structured questionnaires which were then structured into sections
to aimed at meeting the objectives of the study. Secondary data was collected using
books, internet, and school and health center records. This study was carried out
during the month of December 2016. Human rights were respected by obtaining
authorization and permission to carry out this study; also by ensuring
confidentiality to the participants.

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3.0: PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
3.1: FOR THE STUDENTS
3.1.1:FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR PREMATURE ENGAGEMENT IN
SEXUAL ACTIVITIES
3.1.1.1: Table 1: The distribution of respondents according to the person with
whom they live
S/N Responses Frequency Percentage
1 Living with grand parents 8 16
2 Living with mother only 8 16
3 Living with father only 14 28
4 Living with father and mother 10 20
5 Living alone 7 14
6 Living with others: brothers, sisters,
aunts
3 06
TOTAL 50 100
Source: Survey data (Mbout, 2016)
3.1.1.2: Table 2: The distribution of respondents according to whether there is
particular time in the house where they live to return home in the evening and at
what time.
S/N Responses Frequency Percentage
1 Yes 8 16
2 No 27 54
3 Anytime 15 30
Total 50 100
Source: Survey data (Mbout, 2016)
3.1.1.3: Table 3: The distribution of responses based on the favourite films they
watch.
S/N Responses frequency Percentage
1 Pornographic films 30 53.57
2 Nigerian films (Nollywood
movies)
17 30.36

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3 Cartoons 0 0
4 War (Action) films 9 16.07
Total 56 100
Source: Survey Data (Mbout, 2016)
3.1.2: AGE AT WHICH RESPONDENTS FIRST STARTED SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE
3.1.2.1: Table 4: The distribution of respondents on whether they have ever had
sexual intercourse
a)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 43 86
No 7 14
Total 50 100
b)
Age Range frequency Percentage
8 – 10 0 0
11 – 14 26 60.47
15 – 18 12 27.91
19 – 22 5 11.63
Total 43 100
c)
S/N Reasons frequency percentage
1 Parents poor to provide basic needs, some
parents encourage the act, poor parental
monitoring of children
10 23.26
2 Peer pressure, learning from brothers and
sisters and friends, not knowing how to say
“no”!
15 34.88
3 Practicing what is seen on media and 7 16.28

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pornographic
4 Wanted to be popular and accepted by others,
make relationship stronger
6 13.95
5 To satisfy sexual desire, to discover sexual
intercourse
3 06.98
6 I am mature to have sex, I want to have a
child
2 04.65
Total 43 100
Table 4a above shows that 43(86%) of the students said they have ever had sexual
intercourse. Out of the 43 who have ever had sexual intercourse, 26(60.47%) did
between 11 – 14 years of age; 12(27.91) between 15 - 18; 5(11.63%) between 19 –
22, as seen on table 4b. Their reasons as on table 4c are that parents are poor to
provide basic needs, some parents encourage the act i.e. 10(23.26%); peer
pressure, learning from brothers, sisters, and friends in the same environment they
live i.e. 15(34.88%); 7(16.28%) said they are triggered to what they watch from the
media and pornographies.
3.1.3:KNOWLEDGE ON THE IMPACTS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
AGAINST PREMATURE ENGAGEMENT IN SEXUAL ACTIVITIES
3.1.3.1: Table 5: The distribution of respondents’ knowledge on whether there are
disadvantages/impacts of early sexual activities and their various responses
a)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 46 92
No 4 8
Total 50 100

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b)
S/N Responses (Impacts) frequency percentage
1 Can contract STIs/HIV/AIDS 21 16.15
2 Can become pregnant, teenage marriage, teenage
parents with no money for care
20 15.38
3 Unwanted pregnancy leading to death or infertility
as a result of abortion effect
27 20.77
4 You may drop out of school, low expectations of
returning to school
24 18.46
5 Can become a delinquent, stubborn and brings
disgrace to the family and community
18 13.85
6 High birth rate that may lead to poor living
standards
8 06.15
7 Loss of pride, virginity and relation with God 6 04.62
8 Do poor in school and get low grades, stress, guilt,
depression because of fear of pregnancy and seen
as a prostitute
10 07.69
9 May die during delivery 4 03.08
10 May makes you not grow well 2 01.54
Total 130 100
Table 5a above shows that 46(92%) said they are impacts of early sexual activities.
Of those who indicated that they are impacts as seen on table 5b; each student
listed 2 or more impacts as 21(16.15%) said one can contract STIs/HIV/AIDS;
20(15.38%) said one can become pregnant, teenage marriage/parents; 27(20.77%)
said one can have unwanted pregnancy and attempt to cause abortion may lead to
death or infertility; 24(18.46%) said one may drop out of school and have low
expectations of returning to school.

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3.1.3.2: Table 6: The distribution of respondents according to the preventive
measures taken against early sexual activities
S/N Preventive measures (responses) frequency percentage
1 Abstinence 13 10.66
2 Avoid bad friends 20 16.39
3 Avoid watching pornographic films, immoral
dressing
11 09.02
4 Parents should care, monitor and provide basic
needs to their children
33 27.05
5 Self – denial 9 07.38
6 God fearing 6 04.92
7 Teachers should educate students on the
consequences of early sex
12 09.84
8 Avoid nocturnal activities, smoking, drinking
excessively
18 14.76
Total 122 100
3.2: FOR THE TEACHERS
THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN THE PREVENTION OF PREMATURE
ENGAGEMENT IN SEXUAL ACTIVITIES
3.2.1: Table 7: The distribution of respondents according to whether they have sex
education as part of their school curriculum
Responses Frequency percentage
Yes 10 100
No 0 0
Total 10 100

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3.2.2: Table 8: The distribution of respondents on what and when they have been
delivering talks on sex education to students
S/N Responses frequency Percentage
1 Lessons on STIs/HIV/AIDS during classes 2 33.33
2 Lessons on premarital sex during health
personnel’s visit
3 50
3 Lessons on menstrual cycle in biology classes 1 16.67
Total 6 100
Enquiries from the 10 teachers indicated that the school doesn’t have a health club.
3.2.3: Table 9: The distribution of respondents according to what can be done to
prevent premature engagement in sexual activities
S/N Responses Freq. %
1 Creating constant awareness on the negative impacts of
early sex via club activities, creation of youth awareness
movements
2 20
2 Parents to take active control of their children at home, the
while community should act as a watch-dog on
adolescents and their activities
2 20
3 Health experts to visit school very often 1 10
4 School administrators to create counselling exercises,
intensify moral education in schools
1 10
5 Teachers should not take part in involving students in pre-
sexual activities
4 40
TOTAL 10 100

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3.3: FOR THE PARENTS
THE ROLE OF PARENTS IN THE PREVENTION OF PREMATURE
ENGAGEMENT IN SEXUAL ACTIVITIES
3.3.1: Table 10: The distribution of reasons why some parents do not talk about
sex to their children
S/N Reasons Freq. %
1 Because I work away from home 1 07.14
2 Because they are still young in age (7-14yrs) 3 21.43
3 Because I am busy with business and have no time 2 14.29
4 Because I return from farm very late and tired 4 28.57
5 Because it will open their minds to start having sex
early
3 21.43
6 Because I don’t know what to tell them 1 07.14
TOTAL 14 100
3.3.2: Table 11: The distribution of respondents according to their views
concerning the age at which a child should start having sexual intercourse
S/N Age range Frequency percentage
1 8-10 0 0
2 11-14 2 10
3 15-19 6 30
4 20-25 3 15
5 Until marriage 9 45
TOTAL 20 100
Table 12: The distribution of responses from respondents according to the
preventive measures against early sexual activities.
S/N Responses frequency percentage
1 Sex education should be taught in school 8 40
2 Books on sex education be shared to students 5 25
3 Films showing the dangers of early sex should be
shown to children
4 20

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4 Occupy them with farm work and church
activities
1 5
5 Health personnel should be invited to talk to
children
2 10
TOTAL 20 100
4.0: DISCUSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
4.1: DISCUSION OF RESULTS
4.1.1: FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PREMATURE
ENGAGEMENT IN SEXUAL ACTIVITIES BY ADOLESCENTS
It can be seen that most of the children live with grandparents, fathers and some
alone (table 1). From available data, it is seen that the likelihood of a first sexual
experience happening will increase with the number of hours a day a teen spends
unsupervised (i.e. those living alone and with single parents). This can be seen in a
similar study carried out by Whitaker et al. (2000).
Analysis on table 2 showing whether respondents have a particular time in the
house they live to return home indicates that, 27(54%) said they don’t have any
particular time to return home. This exposes them to high risk of indulging into
early sexual activities since they lack parental monitoring. Their late stay out in the
night also exposes them to peer pressure and many other factors. Another factor
lies in the type of films they watch, with pornography being highest (table 3).
According to Brown (2004), these teens stand a high risk of indulging into the act.
He explained that since adolescents see so much on the social medial, and erotic
films like pornography, it is piquing their interest in sex at ages younger than they
traditionally had been. Jerald (2008) also added that adolescents who are exposed
to pornographies are more likely to indulge into early sexual activities than those
who are not.
4.1.2: AGE AT WHICH RESPONDENTS FIRST STARTED SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE
Table 4b shows that out of the 43(86%) students who have had sexual intercourse
at the time of the study, 26(60.47%) had sexual intercourse between 11-14 years of

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age, 12(27.91%) between 15-18, and 5(11.63%) between 19-22. This relates to a
similar study carried out by Jerald et al. (2008), which shows that the average age a
boy will first view pornography is 11, and experts say it is the major form of sex
today for boys “and it’s a cultural force” that is shaping the sexual attitudes of an
entire generation.
We can also see that the early involvement of adolescents in sexual intercourse is
due to the fact that their parents are poor to provide their basic needs, that some
parents encourage the act, peer pressure, learning from brothers, sisters and friends
in the same environment where they live, practicing what they see on social media
and pornographies as well as wanting to satisfy their sexual desire and to discover
sexual intercourse (curiosity). Table 4c. This relates to similar studies carried out
by Kaiser Family Foundation (2005), Escobar (2005), Jones (2008), Wabo (2010),
and Nanji et al. (2011).
4.1.3:KNOWLEDGE ON THE IMPACTS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
AGAINST PREMATURE ENGAGEMENT IN SEXUAL ACTIVITIES.
Early involvement in sexual activities particularly unprotected sex leads to a lots of
bad repercussions. From the results, respondents are quite aware of these
repercussions which included but are not limited to STIs/HIV/AIDS, unwanted
pregnancy, criminal abortion which may lead to death or infertility (Reardon,
1978), teenage marriage, teenage parenthood with no money to care for the family,
school drop out with low expectations of returning, delinquency and disgrace to the
family and community and death during delivery at this tender age (table 5).
According to Kimberly (1998), adolescents re at risk of acquiring STIs/HIV/AIDS
because they are more likely to have multiple sex partners, no contraception, are
biologically more susceptible to infections than older ones. According to Global
Library for Women’s Medicine (2001), about 1million teenagers become pregnant
each year with a lots of mental and obstetrical complications like difficulty in child
birth, induced hypertension, obstetric fistula, infant mortality or maternal death.
WHO (2011) estimates that the risk of death following pregnancy is twice as great
in 15 – 19 years than for those between the ages of 20 – 24 years.
Given the above mentioned consequences, respondents gave the following
preventive measures that could be put in place. These include abstinence,
avoidance of bad friends, avoid watching pornographic films, avoid immoral
dressing, parents should care; monitor and provide basic needs to their children,

15
and teachers should educate students on the consequences of early sex and above
all. Children should be God fearing (table 6). This implies that early sex
involvement in sexual activities is an act of negligence on the part of the parents
and children since they are aware of what can be done to avoid it. According to
Maharaj et al. (2009), those with strong religious backgrounds become sexually
active at the age of 21 and attaining church delays sexual activity. Nanji et al.
(2011) advise adolescents to have good relationships, self-denial, avoid occasions
such as erotic and passionate kissing, and be modest in dressing.
The result also shows that the school has sex education as part of the school
curriculum but there is no provision for it on the time table and no teacher to teach
it (table 7). Out of the 10 teachers recruited for the study, 4(40%) have not been
taking any measures to deliver talks on sex education and reproductive health to
the students because it is not part of their subject. This shows that students in this
school stand a greater risk of being carried by their adolescence period and it
problems since sex education is not being taught to them. An inquiry from the
teachers indicates that the school doesn’t have a health club. This is contrary to the
preventive measures stated by Lister Sharp D. et al. (1999) that adolescents
themselves should engage in school based sex education programmes which will
enhance their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours.
Results on table 10 shows reasons why some parents do not talk about sex to their
children viz: 1(07.14%), works away from home; 3(21.43%), their children are still
young in age (7-14 years old); 2(14.29%), they are busy with business and have no
time; 4(28.57%), they return very late and tired from the farms; 3(21.43%), it will
open their minds to start having sex early; 1(07.14%), do not know what to tell
them. This explains that if parents are not taking the bold steps to talk to their
children, then, the children are at high risk of involving into the practice. This is
related to a similar study carried out by Kirby (2001).
Parents’ views about the age at which a child should start having sexual intercourse
on table 11 indicate that 2(10%) advocate for sex to start at 11 – 14 years, while
5(50%) advocate for 15 – 19 years. This shows that if parents can support the fact
that children should start sexual intercourse at these ages, it implies that thy find no
reason to educate their children on the impacts of this act.
Information on preventive measures against early sexual activities advanced by the
teachers as shown on table 9 portrays the following suggestions: 2(20%) said

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teachers should create constant awareness on the negative impacts of early sex via
club activities, creation of youth awareness movement; 2(20%) said parents should
take active control of their children at home; 1(10%) said health experts should
visit the school often for health talks; 1(10%) said school administrators should
create counselling exercise; 4(40%) said teachers should not take part in involving
students in pre-sexual activities. On the other hand, as can be seen on table 12;
5(25%) of the parents think that books on sex education be shared to students,
while 4(20%) belief films showing the dangers of early sex be shown to children.
According to the investigator, if all the above preventive measures are put into
practice by the adolescents, parents and teachers, then, early sexual activities and
their consequences would be brought to control.
4.2: CONCLUSION
The problem of premature engagement in sexual activities by adolescents is not
only the problem of the health sector, its also involves other selected sectors
because it is every body’s concern. The impacts of this activity are increasing as
the days go by. From the discussion of the results, it is observed that an early
sexual activity by adolescents is a problem in G.H.S Kendem and its environs. It
has been seen that 44(88%) of the students are somewhat knowledgeable about sex
and sex education. They have heard of it from the teachers in school, health
personnel who visit the school, friends, TV, parents, but are not delivered the
appropriate knowledge of sex education. This can be seen as some responded that
the beginning of menstruation means to start sexual intercourse. It is observed that,
poor parental care and monitoring, peer pressure, exposure to pornographies,
curiosity, wanting to be popular and accepted by others are factors responsible to
this act resulting into devastating consequences like; contracting STIs/HIV/AIDS,
school dropout, unwanted pregnancies, abortion leading to death and infertility,
loss of pride and virginity, poor school performance, teenage marriage and
parenthood, loss of relation with God. In this study, it has been observed that
46(92%) of the students are somewhat knowledgeable about the consequences of
this act, but a high percentage i.e. 43(86%) have had sexual intercourse at the time
of this study.
The question is: “why do they still indulge into early sexual activities despite being
aware of it consequences”? As previously said in the hypothesis, “adolescents who
are knowledgeable of the health, academic and social consequences of premature

17
engagement in sexual activities are more likely to refrain from it than those who
are not”.
According to the investigator, if the parents, teachers, and the adolescents
themselves are involved in the identification of the consequences of premature
engagement in sexual activities and participate in the practice of its preventive
measures, then, the adolescents would become responsible, and useful people in
the society.
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TEXT BOOKS
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INTERNET WEBSITE
16) A Guide to Puberty and Menstrual Cycle;
http://www.youngwomenshealth.org/bytopic.html
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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php
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20) Early Sex May Lead Teens to Delinquency, Study Say;
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21) Massachussets Alliance on Teen Pregnancy;
Info@massteenpregnancy.org

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