High Rise Building Structure Systems Types Slide Contents : INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-RISE DESIGN DEMANDS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING MATERIAL TYPES OF SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

1. THE NATIONAL RIBAT UNIVERSITY
Eng. Mazin Elsayed A. Mustafa
Teaching Assistant
Faculty of Architecture
“HIGH-RISE BUILDING STRUCURE SYSTEMS TYPES”

2. CONTENTS :
1. INTRODUCTION
2. INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-RISE DESIGN
3. DEMANDS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING
4. MATERIAL
5. TYPES OF SYSTEMS
6. CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

3. WHATS IS HIGH RISE STRUCTURE ?
There are different definition for high rise construction.
-A high-rise building is one with four floors or more, or
one 15 meters or more in height.
-Buildings between 75 feet and 491 feet (23 m to 150 m)
high are considered high-rise.
-Buildings taller than 492 feet (150 m) are classified as
skyscrapers.

4. INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-RISE DESIGN
The structural system of a high-rise building often has a more
pronounced effect than a low rise building on the total building cost
and the architecture. As a result, those faced with an initial venture
into tall building design need to be aware of concepts that are not
emphasized for low-rise design.
The issues involved with structural design and technology are ones of
both natural and human implications.
A structure must be designed to carry gravity, wind, equipment
and snow; resist high or low temperatures and vibrations; protect
against explosions; and absorb noises. Adding to this the human
factor means considering rentable spaces, owner needs, aesthetics,
cost, safety and comfort. Although one set is not mutually exclusive
of the other, careful planning and consideration are essential in an
attempt to satisfy and integrate both.

5. Demands for high rise building
- Scarcity of land in urban area
- increasing demands for residential
and business space
- economical growth
- technological advancement
- innovation in structural system
- desire for aesthetic in urban setting
- concept of city skyline
- cultural significance and prestige
- human aspiration to build higher

6. Material
Cast
iron
Steel
R.C.C.
Glass
Cast iron :- Cast Iron use has been overtaken by Steel.
Cast Iron has little strength in tension but is very
strong in compression.
It can still be found in some older High Rise
buildings, usually to provide structural beams and
columns.
Glass :- Float glass with double glass is used in tall
buildings .
Tempered glass is used in tall buildings instead of
plain glass, as that would shatter at such height.
TYPES OF MATERIAL
Aluminium
30 St Mary's Axe,
London
PVC

7. Density : 2000Kg/m3
Thickness : 220mm
Weight/Square
meter
: 440 Kg/m2
Density : 2.51 g/c3
Thickness : 12mm
(Taking into account, a double glazed unit 6mm outer
glass - 12mm air gap - 6mm inner glass)
Weight/Square
meter
: 30kg/m2
So, considering a typical high rise building - 50
high with 40,000m2 glass area
Estimated weight
reduction
: 16,400 Tons
GLASS BRICK WALL
GLASS

8. Ease in installation
When it comes to installation, following are the advantages
a glass façade over a concrete one:
•Quicker fabrication & installation of glass façade
•In a single day of installation, a glass façade can cover 150
m2 in comparison with brick wall 70 m2.
•Dry construction while using glass, which implies a cleaner
project site.
• Glass is 8 times lighter than a Brick wall facade!
• REINFORCED GLASS is a block which can withstand
explosions, even (to some extent) nuclear explosions.
• It is created by combining 7 Glass with 2 Advanced Alloy.
• Reinforced Glass is used in the creation of Irradiant Glass
Panes for Advanced Sola Panels as well as in the creation
of the Quantum Helmet.
Structural glazing for high rise
building:
•Aesthetics
•Signature designs
•Flexibility
•Robustness
Glass has a multitude of
benefits :
Visual appeal
•Lightness
•Installation
•Customization

9. Steel :-
• Carbon is added and this acts as a hardener.
• Different mixes of steel will possess different
characteristics from varying hardness and malleability
Corrosion resistance and weight.
• Its melting point is high at 1300C but it suffers from 3
failings under fire conditions.
• Loss of strength …. at 600C a steel beam may lose two
thirds of its strength.
• It is a good thermal conductor …. Meaning it can transfer
its heat to involve other materials not directly exposed to
fire.
• It has a high thermal expansion….. at 500C a 10 Steel
can expand 60mm, if this beam was a structural
element within a building it may cause collapse.
• Because of its limitations in fire, if used in a structural context,
steel is usually given additional fire protection, in the form of
a sacrificial cladding or a barrier.
• The steel work buried within reinforced concrete is to a large
degree protected from fire by the concrete covering it.

10. • Aluminium is a relatively soft and light metal with a melting
point of 660C.
• Its lightness means it has uses in the construction industry for
non-structural items, such as door and window frames and
external cladding.
• Aluminium’s greatest weaknesses is the low temperature at
which its structural stability is affected which can be as low as
100-250c, and its high thermal expansion (over twice that of
steel).
• where aluminium is used as a framing material it is important
to note that exposure to high temperatures will lead to early
failure and if these frames form part of the fire resistance of the
building.
• Aluminium as an external cladding can melt if exposed to fire
and the falling molten aluminium possess additional hazards.
ALUMINIUM
Bank Of Hong Kong

11. P.V.C. (POLY VINYL CHLORIDE) -
•Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride is a lightweight is widely used as a
framing and cladding material.
•t is also extensively used in plumbing as pipe material for waste and
rainwater.
•It is very durable but weak and like most plastics has a low
decomposition temperature (of around 220℃) and will liberate a large
amount of acrid smoke.
•It has been extensively used in the refurbishment of many UK tower
blocks from the 60’s and 70’s to provide double glazed windows and
balcony doors.
• Upvc does not burn freely and has class 1 fire rating but if exposed to
fire it will fail very early at an incident and, importantly to fire crews
when used as a framing material (especially external windows) this can
lead to floor to floor compromise.

12. REINFORCED CONCRETE
• A relatively modern addition to concrete has been fiber reinforcement. This
can be as a replacement to in addition to conventional steel reinforcement.
• Most large scale concrete construction in the world is now carried out using
this technique and the liquid concrete can be pumped or craned up
buildings as construction progresses.
• The concrete mixes used in this technique are formulated to an exacting
standard and the rebar is usually coated to protect it from corrosion.
• The failure of the concrete slab usually occurs in the form of spalling which
is the progressive deterioration of the surface exposed to heat.
• This is because the Aggregate element usually contain quartz which will
start to crack and disintegrate at 600C.
• It is the type and quantity of aggregate in the concrete mix that will define
its inherent fire resistance properties.

13. • Gravity loads
– Dead loads
– Live loads
– Snow loads
• Lateral loads
– Wind loads
– Seismic loads
• Special load cases
– Impact loads
– Blast loads
Seismic Loads
LOADS ON HIGH RISE BUILDING

14. Characteristics Of Wind
• Variation of wind velocity with height.
• Wind turbulence.
• Statistical Probability.
• Vortex shedding phenomenon.
• Dynamic nature of wind-structure
interaction.
Types of wind
• Winds that are of interest in
the
design of buildings can be
classified
into 3 major types
- prevailing winds (trade
winds)
-seasonal winds
-local winds
WINDS Causes of Wind-
• Variation of Wind Velocity with
Height-Near the earth’s surface, the
motion is opposed, and the wind
speed reduced, by the surface friction.
•At the surface, the wind speed
reduces to zero and then begins to
increase with height
•Gradient Height 300 m for flat
ground& 550 m for very rough terrain.
• How wind force governing for tall
structure with increase height of
building?
•Construction cost per unit area
decrease
•Increasing lightness in weight per unit
area
•More danger against high velocity of
wind force at high level.

15. •Wind load are always important for tall buildings
,which form a vertical cantilever resisting the
horizontal wind pressure on one side and horizontal
suction on the other side.
•The building behaves like a horizontal
cantilevered beam resisting a vertical load;
for a high rise building the span of the
cantilever is much greater than any
horizontal span in a building.

16. Variation of wind velocity with height
-The viscosity of air
reduces its velocity
adjacent to the earth’s
surface to almost zero.
Wind behavior

17. TYPES OF SYSTEM
1. Shear wall System
2. Braced system
3. Hybrid System
4. Moment Resisting System
5. Trussed Tube
6. Bundled Frame Tube
7. Frame Tube

18. 1. SHEAR WALL SYSTEM
• A type of rigid frame construction.
• The shear wall is in steel or concrete to provide
greater lateral rigidity.
• It is a wall where the entire material of the wall is
employed in the resistance of both horizontal and
vertical loads.
• Is composed of braced panels (or shear panels) to
counter the effects of lateral load acting on a
structure.
• Wind & earthquake loads are the most common
among the loads.
• For skyscrapers, as the size of the structure
increases, so does the size of the supporting wall.
• Shear walls tend to be used only in conjunction
with other support systems.

19. 2. BRACED SYSTEM
•Frame are cantilevered vertical trusses resisting laterals loads primarily
through the axial stiffness of the frame members.
•The effectiveness of the system, as characterized by a high ratio of
stiffness to material quantity, is recognized for multi- storey building in
the low to mid height range.
•Generally regarded as an exclusively steel system because the diagonal
are inevitably subjected to tension for or to the other directions of
lateral loading.
•Able to produce a laterally very stiff structure for a minimum of
additional material, makes it an economical structural form for any
height of buildings, up to the very tallest.

20. KOBE COMMERCE
INDUSTRY AND TRADE CENTER,
KOBE,JAPAN
Architect : Nikken Sekkei ltd.
Structural engineer : Nikken Sekkei ltd.
Year of completion : 1968
Height : 110.06m
Number of stories : 26
Stories below ground: 2
Frame material : steel
Foundation condition : gravel and diluvial clay strata
Footing type: raft
Story ht. : 3.84m
Beam span : 9.45m
Beam depth : 600mm
Beam spacing : 3m
Material : steel grade 400mpa;concrete
encased
structural steel 1st floor below
Slab: 160mm concrete
on metal deck
Columns:
At ground floor: 700mm x 700mm
Spacing: 3m
Material: steel grade 490
mpa
Core: structural steel
with
prestressing bar
diagonal bracing
Kobe Commerce
Kobe , Japan

21. KOBE COMMERCE
• This building characterized by its tube in tube structure.
• Also consist of perimeter wall frames with 3m spans and internal braced
frames using prestressing steel bars for diagonal bracings.
• For purpose of efficiently increasing the earthquake resisting capacity of
a building ,it is preferable to design its structure in a bending failure
mode so as to disperse the yielding of frames during earthquake.
• Tube in tube structure in used for this.
• Braces has a wide elastic range and thus can resist the maximum
seismic forces within elastic region.

22. 3. HYBRID SYSTEM
• Combination of two or more of basic structural forms
either by direct combination or by adopting different
forms in different parts of the structure.
HIGH
STRENGT
H
CONRET
E
STIFFNES
S
DAMPIN
G OF
CONCRE
TE
ELEMENT
S
LIGHTNESS
CONSTRUCT
ABILITY OF
STEEL FRAME
• Its lack of torsional stiffness
requires that additional
measures be taken, which
resulted in one bay vertical
exterior bracing and a
number of level of perimeter
vierendeel “bandages”

23. 4. MOMENT RESISTING SYSTEM
• Definition and basic behavior of moment
resisting
Frames
• Beam-to-column connections: before and
after
Northridge
• Panel-zone behavior
• AISC seismic provisions for moment resisting
Frames: special, intermediate and ordinary

24. 5. TRUSSED TUBE
• Interconnect all exterior columns to form a rigid box, which can resist
lateral shears by axial in its members rather than through flexure.
• Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on each façade and
making the diagonal intersect at the same point at the corner column.
• The system is tubular in that the fascia diagonals not only form a truss in
the plane, but also interact with the trusses on the perpendicular faces to
affect the tubular behavior.
• Relatively broad column spacing can resulted large clear spaces for
windows, a particular characteristic of steel buildings.
• The façade diagonalization serves to equalize the gravity loads of the
exterior columns that give a significant impact on the exterior
architecture.
John Hancock Center

25. • The concept allows for wider
column spacing in the tubular
walls.
• The spacing which make it
possible to place interior
frame lines without seriously
compromising interior space
planning.
• The ability to modulate the
cells vertically can create a
powerful vocabulary for a
variety of dynamic shapes.
6. BUNDLED FRAME TUBE
Willis tower,
Chicago.

26. 7. FRAMED TUBE
• The lateral resistant of the framed-tube structures is provided by very
stiff moment-resistant frames.
• The basic inefficiency of the frame system for reinforced concrete
buildings of more than 15 stories resulted in member proportions of
prohibitive size and structural material cost premium.
• The frames consist of 6-12 ft (2-4m) between centers, joined by deep
spandrel girders.
• Gravity loading is shared between the tube and interior column or
walls.
• When lateral loading acts, the perimeter frame aligned in the
direction of loading acts as the “webs” of the massive tube of the
cantilever, and those normal to the direction of the loading act as the
“flanges”.
• The tube form was developed originally for building of rectangular
plan.
Dewitt Chestnut

27.  Raft foundation: It is known for its load distributing
capability.
• With the usage of this type of foundation the enormous
load of the building gets distributed & helps the building
stay upright and sturdy.
• Loads are transferred by raft into the ground.
 Pile foundation: used for high rise construction.
• Load Of building is distributed to the ground with the
help Of piles.
• Transfer the loads into the ground with an Adequate
factor of safety.
 Combined raft-pile: is the hybrid of 2 foundation.
• It Consists of both the pile and raft foundation.
• Useful in marshy sandy soil that has low bearing
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
FOUNDATION TYPES

28. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

29. Location and Height
Function :
• Function is one of the significant architectural parameters of tall buildings.
seen in (Figure 4), mixed-use and office buildings are the two main types of
function in this type of building.
• Those are both around 77% of the total number of the tall buildings.
Base Plan :
• One of the important architectural factors representing the geometry and
form of a tall building is its base plan shape.
• This parameter is divided into six basic and simple shapes. These are
rectangle, ellipse and circle, curvilinear, triangle, polygon and parallelogram
shapes.
• With these classifications, small variations in the base plan are not
as a separate group.
Form (based on aerodynamic and geometric characteristics :
• For form classification, different types of the aerodynamic (and geometric)
modifications used in tall buildings are considered..
ARCHITECTURAL
CONSIDERATIONS

30. • Unprecedented heights and forces because of increased wind speeds and thus
forces through climate change now require designers to consider architectural
and structural strategies that will improve the efficiency of the design process
and of the building itself.
• The strategy of aerodynamic (geometric) modification is basically considered
as a precautionary and passive architectural concept to reduce the impact of
wind.
• The aerodynamic modifications can be divided into two main categories:
macro and micro.
• Macro modifications, such as tapering, setback and twisting, have basic effect
on the main geometry of the building whereas, micro modifications, such as
corner modifications, cannot affect the base form and shape of the building.
Structural Material :
• Selecting the structural material depends on such parameters as the function,
structural system, availability of material, and constructability.
• Using composite materials offers the advantages of both steel and concrete.
• Thus it is not surprising to find out that around 44% of all tall buildings are
built with composite materials and also to see that only %15 of the buildings
used steel

31. Diagrid system
• Diagrid system can be considered as a braced tube system without
vertical and horizontal structural elements.
• But, the aesthetic potential of the diagonal elements was not
appreciated since they were designed and constructed to obstruct
the outdoor viewing.
• Thus, diagonals were generally embedded within the building
cores, which were usually located in the interior of the building to
be hidden from the outside view.
• This system is recently used as a new aesthetic architectural-
structural concept for tall buildings .
• One of the visible differences between conventional exterior
braced frame system and current diagrid structures is that for
diagrid structures almost all the conventional vertical columns are
eliminated because the diagonal members in diagrid systems can
continuously carry gravity as well as lateral loads due to their
triangulated configuration in the uniform manner.
• This system in comparison with conventional framed tube system is
much more effective in minimizing shear deformation because the
diagrid system can carry shear by axial action of the diagonal
members
COR Building, Miami
O-14 Building, Dubai

32. Advantages:
• Accommodates large number of families and
houses.
• They reduce the distance to be travelled by
saving their time.
• Permit more open space around the building.
• Provide more sunlight and pure air.
• Vertical expansion results in curtailment of cost of
various services such as water supply electrification.
• Saves land which can be used further.
• Pressure coefficients should need little adjustment for
different upwind terrain types .
• Existing meteorological data on wind gusts is used
directly.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Disadvantages:
• Construction cost increases.
• Difficult for children and old people to go up
when elevators fails.
• Enjoying the charm of private garden cannot
be obtained.
• The approach is not suitable for very large
structures, or for those with significant
dynamic response.
• The response characteristics of the gust
anemometers and the natural variability of
the peak gusts tend to be incorporated into
the wind load estimates.