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1. Is obesity a disease?
By: Iffat Ramzan
18-Arid-4644
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2. Contents:
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 Obesity​
 Assessment of obesity​
 Types of obesity​
 Causes of obesity​
 Consequences of obesity​
 CAD
 Cancer
 Gallstones
 Hypertension​
 PCOS
 Arthritis​
 Treatments​
 Conclusion​

3. Obesity:
• Obesity is defined as abnormal or
excessive fat
accumulation that may impair health.
• According to WHO for adults :
• Obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to
30 for
men and greater than 28.6 for women.
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4. Assessment of obesity:
•BMI:
•It is a measure for human body shape
based on an individual's mass and height.​
Weight (kg)​
BMI=
Height (m2)​
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5. BMI WEIGHT STATUS
< 18.5 Under weight
18.5 - 24.9 Normal
25 - 29.9 Over weight
30 and above Obese
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6. Types of
obesity:
• Apple shape
• Excess amount of fat is
accumulated above waist.
Larger waists can
mean higher risk of heart
disease and Type 2 diabetes.
• Pear shape:
• Excess amount of fat
is accumulated below
waist.
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7. Major causes of obesity:
• Lack of physical activities.
• Bad nutrition habits.
• Genes.
• Certain medications.
• Some diseases such as hypothyroidism.
• Hormonal imbalance.
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8. Consequences of obesity
•Obesity is an illness in and of itself, but it
also increases the chance of developing
other serious health conditions.
•A person's waist circumference is essential
in addition to their body mass index (BMI),
because growing abdominal fat is linked to
an increased risk of obesity-related
disorders. Other risk factors for such
diseases include hypertension (high blood
pressure) and a sedentary lifestyle.​
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9. Consequences:
• High blood pressure
• Fatty liver
• Type 2 diabetes
• Some cancers
• Gall bladder diseases
• Sleep apnea
• Stroke
• Coronary artery diseases
• Arthritis
• Gout
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10. Coronary artery diseases (CAD):
• BMI raises the risk of coronary artery disease, and
weight gain from any beginning BMI raises the risk
even more.
• Dyslipidemia may be the most important
relationship of BMI to CAD.
• Obesity increases VLDL (triglycerides) through
increased production and decreased clearance of
triglyceride rich lipoproteins due to lack of
stimulation of lipoprotein lipase.
• Obesity also lowers HDL in men and women of all
ages and ethnicities.
• While LDL levels are not consistently elevated in
obesity, LDL is smaller and denser and more
atherogenic.
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11. Cont..
• Cholesterol ester transport protein (CETP) exchanges triglycerides from VLDL to
LDL in exchange for cholesterol esters.
• This results in triglyceride rich LDL particles that are rapidly lipolyzed by hepatic
lipase leaving smaller denser LDL particles.
• Small dense LDL can more easily be oxidized or glycated possibly leading to less
identification by the LDL receptor and decreased clearance. Possibly small dense
LDL is also more likely to get through endothelial fenestrations.
• CETP also exchanges triglycerides from VLDL to HDL in exchange for cholesterol
esters. This similarly results in triglyceride rich HDL particles that are rapidly
lipolyzed by hepatic lipase allowing HDL to be cleared from the circulation.
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12. Cancer:
• Obesity and overweight are linked to a higher risk of acquiring a variety of
cancers. Obesity has been linked to cancers of the colon and rectum, breast,
endometrium (uterine lining), esophagus, kidney, and pancreas.
• Obesity causes cancer due to the inflammation caused by visceral fat.
• Excessive visceral fat affects certain processes in your body. This includes
how your body manages hormones, like insulin and estrogen.
• All of this can lead to an increased cancer risk by affecting how and when
cells divide and die.
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13. Gallbladder diseases and gallstones
• An obese person have higher chance to develop
gallstones than a lean person.
• Because an obese person have higher levels of
cholesterol in their bile which will cause gallstone.
• Your liver produces additional cholesterol into the
bile when you don't eat for a long time or lose
weight fast. Fast weight loss might also make it
difficult for the gallbladder to drain correctly.
• Weight-reduction surgery can result in rapid weight
loss as well as an increased risk of gallstones.
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14. Hypertension:
• Hypertension is present in about half of all overweight individuals.
• In obesity, the increase in cardiac output is due to increased sympathetic activity.
• Adrenaline (from the adrenal medulla) tends to be normal to low in obesity and
there is a decreased response of adrenaline to hypoglycemia and exercise.
• However, noradrenaline levels (from sympathetic nerve endings) tend to be higher.
• Hypertension in the overweight is associated with increased sympathetic
activity and sympathetic blockers have greater effect in obesity.
• The causes of sympathetic overactivity include hyperinsulinemia, increased
intrarenal pressures, hepatic FFA, angiotensin II, leptin, central chemoreceptor
sensitivity and impaired baroreceptor reflex.
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15. Cont...
• Aldosterone tends to be higher in obese individuals
while renin is often relatively normal and there is a
positive correlation between BMI and the
aldosterone to renin ratio.
• Adipose has been expected to produce a factor that
directly affects RAAS and all the components of the
renin-angiotensin system have been found to be fully
represented in the adipose tissue.
• Furthermore, they appear to be up-regulated in
obesity and circulating angiotensinogen levels are
enhanced due to elevated adipose angiotensinogen
gene expression in obesity.
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16. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS):
• Acondition in which the ovaries produce an abnormal levels of androgens,
male sex hormones that are usually present in women in small amounts such
as testosterone.
• PCOS has been commonly associated with oligomenorrhoea and hirsutism.
• Increased LH pulse frequency and amplitude occurs in PCOS. This may be in
part due to the effects of elevated free testosterone.
• The normal LH/FSH ratio is below 2.0, whereas in PCOS it usually rises to
over 2.5. Marked elevations of both LH and FSH are seen normally in mid-
cycle when this ratio is less discriminatory.
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17. Arthritis:
• People who are overweight or obese
are more likely to get knee
osteoarthritis than people who are not
overweight.
• Excess weight can also make knee
osteoarthritis worse.
• Extra weight puts more stress on
joints, particularly weight-bearing
joints like the hips and knees.
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18. Treatments:
• Here are some treatments for obesity;
• Surgery
• Pharmacotherapy
• Lifestyle modifications ( diet, physical activity etc.)
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19. Recent Findings:
• Obesity aggravate COVID-19.
• As obesity and impaired metabolic health are both accelerators and
consequences of severe COVID-19, and might adversely influence the
efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines.
• Brown adipose tissue transplantation as a novel alternative to obesity
treatment.
• Herbal nano therapy.
• The central role of serotonin in obesity.
• The link between sleep duration, diabetes type 2 mellittus.
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20. Conclusion:
• Obesity is a major public health problem throughout the world.
• It has many causes.
• Obesity causes many serious diseases so it is a disease.
• But some researchers believes that obesity is a symptom and not a
disease because symptom is something that points to something else.
• Obesity is a disease which affected the whole world.
• But obesity can be cured by taking some actions.
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21. References:
• https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/causes/
• https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/focused-on-health/how-does-obesity-
cause-cancer.h27Z1591413.html
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8214980/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8rmXdAuzwU
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1880830/
• https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/obesity/obesity-health-consequences
• https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-022-01071-w
• https://www.eurekaselect.net/article/36680
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S177322472031580X
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22. Any
question?
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