Liquefied Natural Gas Market Worldwide

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Liquefied Natural Gas Market Worldwide

June 1, 2010

Natural gas accounts for 20% of the world’s marketed energy, with more than 120
quadrillion Btu of natural gas is consumed globally. It is a critical fuel in the generation
of electric power and heat. Furthermore, it is used in industry as an energy source
and/or feedstock for manufacturing fertilizer, pulp and paper, metals, chemicals, textiles,
plastics and pharmaceuticals, among others.

Nearly 120 quadrillion Btu of natural gas is consumed globally. Some gas-producing
countries, such as those in the Middle East and Africa, are able to satisfy all of their
natural gas demand through domestic supply. Others, such as Japan and South Korea,
are almost entirely reliant on natural gas imports to fuel power plants, industrial
processes and provide heat. Still others, including those in Europe and North America,
are able to partially meet natural gas demand with domestic supply while supplementing
the rest with imports.

Over a quarter of global natural gas demand is fulfilled by imported natural gas.
Countries in Europe and Eurasia are by far the leading importers of natural gas and
import about 450 billion cubic meters of the fuel, or about 40% of the region’s natural
gas requirements, annually. This region is followed in natural gas imports by the Asia
Pacific and North America regions. Together the three regions account for 95% of
global natural gas imports.

Because of its low density and high volume, natural gas is costly and inefficient to store
and transport over long distances in its gaseous state. Moreover, crossing international
borders via pipeline amplifies commercial and investment risks and complexities.
Pipeline construction and maintenance costs, along with technical challenges, escalate
with distance. Further, when the pipeline must traverse countries which are not involved
as gas producers or consumers, concessions may be difficult and costly to obtain.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas which has been converted to liquid form for
ease of storage or transport. Liquefying natural gas allows access to natural gas from
regions with vast production potential to end markets too distant to be connected by
pipeline. The global market for LNG accounts for nearly 10% of total annual worldwide
natural gas consumption. Pipeline gas continues to account for the majority of global

natural gas trade. However, nearly 30% of natural gas trade is now provided by LNG.

Despite the global economic recession in 2008 and 2009, global demand for LNG
increased by nearly 22% in volume terms from 2005 to 2009. North American imports
are expected to more than double from 16 Bcm in 2009 to 40 Bcm in 2013. Over the
past five years, significant investments in the LNG supply chain have been made
around the world and global liquefaction capacity has increased by 40%.

LNG has assumed an increasingly significant role in the energy security of several
nations around the world. LNG markets are expected to show robust growth over the
next several years, driven largely by supply push. Driven by relatively low prices and a
global economic recovery, LNG demand is expected to catch up with supply-chain
capacity by 2014. LNG markets will likely experience renewed investments in supply-
chain infrastructure in the years beyond 2015.

While the US currently accounts for less than 6% of global LNG imports, US domestic
natural gas demand and supply dynamics have dramatically influenced global LNG
investments over the past few years. Given the concurrent and rapid increases in US
unconventional gas production capacity and LNG regasification and storage capacity,
the US is likely to continue to re-shape global LNG trading in years to come.

Liquefied Natural Gas Market Worldwide includes a broad review of the global market
for liquefied natural gas. Key technologies leveraged within the LNG supply chain,
including liquefaction, shipping and regasification technologies are discussed. An
overview of the LNG market structure, mechanisms and key participants is provided.
Additionally, recent investments in LNG liquefaction capacity, shipping capacity, and
regasification capacity across regions and major participating nations are discussed.

The report provides historic and forecast global energy demand 2005 to 2015 and
energy demand drivers and trends are reviewed. Further, world energy supply sources
2005 to 2015 are discussed and the linkage between domestic natural gas production,
import dependence and LNG trading are outlined. Finally, historic and forecast
international LNG trade volumes and values are presented for the period 2005-2015.

Read an excerpt from this report below.

Report Methodology

The information in Liquefied Natural Gas Market Worldwide is based on primary and
secondary research. Primary research entailed gathering information from firms and
individuals involved in LNG project development, marketing, distribution and sales of
LNG and natural gas, utilities, analysts and consultants to the energy industry to obtain
insight into the technologies and market factors shaping the industry. Secondary
research entailed data gathering from relevant sources, including government and
industry publications, company literature and corporate annual reports.

What You’ll Get in This Report

Liquefied Natural Gas Market Worldwide contains important insights and projections
regarding the future of this market around the world. The report provides both the
comprehensive analysis and data. Subscribers will benefit from extensive data,
presented in easy-to-read and practical charts, tables and graphs.

Liquefied Natural Gas Market Worldwide includes a broad review of the global market
for liquefied natural gas. Key technologies leveraged within the LNG supply chain,
including liquefaction, shipping and regasification technologies are discussed. An
overview of the LNG market structure, mechanisms and key participants is provided.
Additionally, recent investments in LNG liquefaction capacity, shipping capacity, and
regasification capacity across regions and major participating nations are discussed.

The report provides historic and forecast global energy demand 2005 to 2015 and
energy demand drivers and trends are reviewed. Further, world energy supply sources
2005 to 2015 are discussed and the linkage between domestic natural gas production,
import dependence and LNG trading are outlined. Finally, historic and forecast
international LNG trade volumes and values are presented for the period 2005-2015.

How You’ll Benefit from This Report

If your company is already doing business in the market for liquefied natural gas, or is
considering entering the marketplace, you will find this report invaluable. It provides a
comprehensive package of information and insight not offered in any other single
source. You will gain a thorough understanding of the current global market for liquefied
natural gas, as well as projected markets and trends through 2015.

This report will help:

Marketing managers understand the market forces shaping the market for
liquefied natural gas and identify market opportunities.
Research and development professionals stay on top of competitor initiatives
and explore demand for LNG.
Business development executives understand the dynamics of the market and
identify possible partnerships.
Information and research center librarians provide market researchers,
product managers, and other colleagues with the vital information they need to
do their jobs more effectively.

Additional Information

Market Insights: A Selection From The Report

The development of LNG supply chain technologies has recently enabled natural gas
trading across more geographically dispersed regions as it is now possible to liquefy,
ship and regasify natural gas. It is generally more cost efficient to process and ship LNG
than it is to pipe natural gas across distances of greater than 2000 miles.

Europe
Although natural gas demand in OECD Europe is growing at a low rate, Europe’s
dependence on imported natural gas continues to increase as local natural gas
production declines. The region’s dependence on imported natural gas is expected to
increase from 44% in 2006 to 48% in 2015 and to over 57% in 2030. Pipeline supplies
of over 190 billion cubic meters per annum from Russia and Algeria account for more
than 30 percent of the region’s total consumption. Additionally, LNG imports of over 55
billion cubic meters, mostly from supplying nations in Africa and the Middle East, are
also used to supplement consumption. European reliance on LNG is expected further
expected to increase as recurring problems with Russian supplies, its largest source of
pipeline natural gas, persist.

Population Growth
Global population growth is a significant driver of the demand for energy as increases in
population translates to greater demand for electricity, transportation and related goods
and services. Over the past five years, global population has grown 6% from 6.5 billion
to 6.9 billion. Global population is expected to reach nearly 7.3 billion in 2015,
increasing at a rate of 1.1% per year for the next five years.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Executive Summary
Introduction
Figure 1-1: Global Marketed Energy Use by Fuel (in quadrillion Btu)
Table 1-1: Global Natural Gas Consumption and Imports (in billion cubic meters)
LNG Supply Chain
Exploration and Production
Liquefaction
Figure 1-2: LNG Liquefaction Plant Process Overview
Figure 1-3: World LNG Exports by Country, 2009 (in % Bcma)
Shipping
Cargo Capacity
Cargo Containment Systems
Carrier Propulsion Systems
Table 1-2: World LNG Fleet, 2009-2012
Regasification
Figure 1-4: LNG Regasification Plant Process Overview

Offshore Regasification
Figure 1-5: World LNG Imports by Country, 2009 (in % Bcma)
LNG Market Structure
Market Size and Demand Trends
Global Energy Demand
Figure 1-6: World Marketed Energy Consumption, 2005-2015 (in quadrillion Btu)
Figure 1-7: World Population and Gross Domestic Product, 2005-2015
(population in millions, GDP in $ billion)
Figure 1-8: World Electricity Generation by Fuel Type, 2005, 2015 (Percent of
Total)
Global Energy Supply
Figure 1-9: World Marketed Energy Use by Fuel Type, 2005-2015 (in quadrillion
Btu)
Figure 1-10: World Natural Gas Reserves by Region, 2009 (Trillion Cubic Feet,
Percent of Total)
Figure 1-11: World Natural Gas Production, 2009 (Trillion Cubic Feet)
Figure 1-12: Global LNG Trade Volume, 2005-2009 (Billion cubic meters)
Figure 1-13: Global LNG Trade Value, 2005-2009 (Billion USD)
Report Format
Report Methodology
Abbreviations and Definitions
Table 1-3: Abbreviations Utilized in Report

Chapter 2: LNG Technology
Introduction
Characteristics of LNG
Table 2-1: Typical Chemical Composition of LNG
LNG Technology
Exploration and Production
Figure 2-1: Natural Gas Production Process Overview
Liquefaction
Figure 2-2: LNG Liquefaction Plant Process Overview
Liquefaction Processes
APCI Multi-Component Refrigerant Process (MCRTM)
Figure 2-3: APCI MCRTM Process
Phillips Optimized Cascade® Process
Figure 2-4: Phillips Optimized Cascade® Process
Statoil/Linde Mixed Fluid Cascade Process (MFCP)
Figure 2-5: Statoil/Linde Mixed Fluid Cascade Process (MFCP)
Shell Double Mixed Refrigerant Process (DMR)
Black & Veatch PRICO® Process
Figure 2-6: Black & Veatch PRICO® Process
Axens LiquefinTM Process
Shipping
Ship Capacity

Cargo Containment Systems
Table 2-2: Summary of LNG Carrier Containment Systems
Moss® Containment System
Figure 2-7: Schematic of Moss® Containment System
Membrane Containment Systems
Figure 2-8: Schematic of Mid-Ship Section of a Membrane Containment System
NO96 System
Table 2-3: GTT Membrane-Design LNG Carrier Containment Systems
Mark III System
CS1 System
Carrier Propulsion Systems
Dual-Fuel Diesel Electric (DFDE)
Slow Speed Diesel with Reliquefaction (DRL)
Regasification
Figure 2-9: LNG Regasification Plant Process Overview
Receiving
Storage
Single Containment Tank
Double Containment Tank
Full Containment Tank
Membrane Tank
In-Ground Tank
Vaporization
Open Rack Vaporizers
Submerged Combustion Vaporizers
Intermediate Fluid Vaporizers
Ambient Air Vaporizers
Offshore Regasification
Odorization and Send-Out

Chapter 3: LNG Market Structure
Introduction
Figure 3-1: Global Marketed Energy Use by Fuel (in quadrillion Btu)
Early Development of LNG Market
Table 3-2: Significant Milestones in Early LNG Market Development
LNG Supply Chain
LNG Project Costs
Figure 3-2: LNG Supply Chain Project Costs (in % total cost)
Sales and Purchase Agreements
Table 3-4: Representative LNG Contracts in Effect, 2010 (in Mtpa)
LNG Short-Term Market
Figure 3-3: World LNG Volume Traded on Short-Term Market, 2000-2008 (in
billion cubic meters)
Pricing
LNG Trade

Liquefaction and Export
Table 3-5: LNG Exporting Countries, 2009
Figure 3-4: World LNG Exports by Country, 2009 (in % Bcma)
Figure 3-5: World Liquefaction Capacity by Region, 2009 (in Bcma)
New Liquefaction Capacity
Russia
Indonesia
Norway
Yemen
Peru
Shipping
Table 3-6: World LNG Fleet, 2009-2012
Figure 3-6: Average Capacity of LNG Ships Delivered, 1980-2009 (in cubic
meters)
Import and Regasification
Table 3-7: LNG Importing Countries, 2009
Figure 3-7: World LNG Imports by Country, 2009 (in % Bcma)
Asia
Figure 3-8: World Regasification Capacity by Region (in % Bcma)
China
India
Europe
Belgium
Italy
United Kingdom
North America
Canada
Mexico
United States
Figure 3-9: US LNG Import Capacity, 2000-2009 (in Bcfd)
Table 3-8: US LNG Marine Import Terminals, 2009 Year-End Capacity (in Bcfd)
Table 3-9: Proposed US Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Development, 2010
Central and South America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile

Chapter 4: Market Size and Demand Trends
Introduction
Demand Drivers and Trends
Global Energy Demand
Figure 4-1: World Marketed Energy Consumption, 2005-2015 (in quadrillion Btu)
Table 4-1: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Member Countries, 2010
Figure 4-2: World Marketed Energy Consumption by Economic Region, 2005,
2010, 2015 (in quadrillion Btu)

Figure 4-3: World Marketed Energy Consumption by Economic Sub-Region,
2005-2015 (in quadrillion Btu)
Energy Demand Drivers
Population Growth
Figure 4-4: World Population by Economic Region, 2005-2015 (in millions)
Economic Growth
Figure 4-5: World Gross Domestic Product by Economic Region, 2005-2015 (in $
billion)
Global Energy Supply
Figure 4-6: World Marketed Energy Use by Fuel Type, 2005-2015 (in quadrillion
Btu)
Liquid Fuels
Table 4-2: World’s Proved Oil Reserves, 2010
Figure 4-7: World Oil Prices, 1995-2015 (in 2007 USD per barrel)
Coal
Table 4-3: Top Five Producers of World Hard Coal, 2010
Natural Gas
Global Natural Gas Reserves
Table 4-4: World’s Proved Reserves of Natural Gas, 2009
Figure 4-8: World Natural Gas Reserves by Region, 2009 (Trillion Cubic Feet,
Percent of Total)
Global Natural Gas Consumption
Figure 4-9: World Electricity Generation by Fuel Type, 2005, 2015 (Percent of
Total)
Figure 4-10: Global Natural Gas Consumption, 2005-2015 (Trillion cubic feet)
Global Natural Gas Production
Figure 4-11: World Natural Gas Production, 2009 (Trillion Cubic Feet)
Regional Natural Gas Demand Trends
Figure 4-12: Share of Imported Natural Gas, 2005, 2010, 2015 (Percent)
Table 4-5: Global Natural Gas Imports by Region and Type, 2008 (in billion cubic
meters)
North America
Europe
Asia
Central and South America
Historic and Current LNG Market Size
Asia
Europe
North America
LNG Market Projections
Figure 4-15: Global LNG Liquefaction Capacity, 2005-2015 (Billion cubic meters
per Annum)

Chapter 5: Participant Profiles
Overview
Table 5-1: Description of Companies Profiled
BP
Table 5-2: BP Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Figure 5-1: BP Revenues, 2005-2009 ($ billion)
Company News
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Personnel Changes
Citigroup
Table 5-3: Citigroup Profile
Performance
Figure 5-2: Citigroup Revenues, 2005-2009 ($ billion)
Personnel Changes
ConocoPhillips
Table 5-4: ConocoPhillips Profile
Performance
Figure 5-3: ConocoPhillips Revenues, 2005-2009 ($ billion)
Personnel Changes
Duke Energy
Table 5-5: Duke Energy Profile
Performance
Figure 5-4: Duke Energy Revenues, 2005-2009 ($ billion)
Personnel Changes
Foster Wheeler AG
Table 5-6: Foster Wheeler AG Profile
Performance
Figure 5-5: Foster Wheeler AG Revenues, 2005-2009 ($ billion)
Personnel Changes
General Electric
Table 5-7: General Electric Profile

Performance
Figure 5-6: General Electric Revenues, 2005-2009 ($ billion)
Personnel Changes
Royal Dutch Shell plc
Table 5-8: Royal Dutch Shell plc Profile
Performance
Figure 5-7: Royal Dutch Shell plc Revenues, 2005-2009 ($ billion)
Personnel Changes

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