Ancient middle east and egypt

*
*Understand how
geography influenced
development of
civilization in the
Fertile Crescent
*Outline the main
features of Sumerian
civilization
*Explain how the
advances in learning
made the Sumerians
left a lasting legacy for
later people to build
on

*
*What were the characteristics of the world's
first civilization?

*
*What type of environment does the fertile
crescent lie?
*Why would Mesopotamia be a reasonable
civilization to rise?
*According to the map, what geographic
challenges did early Sumerians face?

*
*Fertile Crescent
*Is a region of the Middle east named for its rich
soils and golden wheat fields
*Over time, this place was often invaded, traders
were able to easily overcome the regions few
natural barriers
*This area was a cross road where different
people mingled.

*
*Mesopotamia
*It lies within the Fertile Crescent
*It is the area of land between the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers
*It is where the worlds first civilization began
(3300 BC) (Sumer region in south eastern
Mesopotamia)

*
*Organizing for Floods and Irrigation
*Controlling the Tigris and Euphrates river was key
to development
*There were many floods that washed away topsoil
and homes
*The Epic of Gilgamesh
*It is a story that speaks about a great flood that
destroys the world
* Archaeologists and historians have found evidence of
these type of floods in that area

*
*Organizing for Floods and Irrigation
*Villagers had to build up the riverbanks
*They had to channel water with canals as well
*This needed strong leadership

*
*Sumerians Build Thriving Cities
*They had few natural resources but they made
the most of what they had
*They built with clay since there was no a lot of
stone
* The Great cities of Ur and Uruk were made out of mud
bricks
*They had a lot of water
*Had trade

*
*Intro
*Within a few hundred
years there were 12
separate city states
*There were often
battles for territory
*Complex
Government Unfolds
*In each city state, the
ruler was responsible
for maintaining the
city walls and the
irrigation systems
*Led the military, kept
the law, made peace

*
*Sumerians Structure Their Society
*Each city-state had a distinct social hierarchy-
system of ranking groups
*In other words, a class system
* Ruling Family
* Priests
* Leading officials

*
*Majority of people were peasant farmers
*Few owned their own land
*There were slaves and artisans as well

*
*Role of Women
*Changed over time
*There were goddesses that were highly honored in
religious practices
*This may be why women were held in higher status
then in later civilizations
*Women never held legal rights equal to men
*Some of the ruler's wives' had power to supervise

*
*Cuneiform
*It means "wedge"
*Wrote making wedge shaped marks on clay
tablets
*Grew out of a system of pictographs that were
used to record goods brought to temple store
houses

*
*Development
*More symbols became
to be used for
complicated thoughts

*
*Around 2500 BCE armies of conquering
people invaded
*They overwhelmed the Sumerian City-states
*By 1900 BCE the Sumerian Civilization was
replaced by others

*
*Their legacy was
*Their writing
*Astronomy
*Mathematics
*Poetry
*Language

*
*Outline the achievements of the first empires
that arose in Mesopotamia
*Understand how conquests brought new
empires and ideas into the Middle East
*Describe how the Persians established a huge
empire
*Summarize the contributions the Phoenicians
made to the ancient Middle East

*
*Intro
*People invaded, war, chaos, there was a need for
stability

*
• 2300 BCE Sargon, the
Ruler of Akkad, invaded
neighboring city states of
Sumer
• He expanded territory
• Created an empire
•After his death his land
was invaded and
conquered

*
• 1790 BCE Hammurabi, king
of Babylon, brought much
of Mesopotamia under the
control of his empire
• Babylonian Empire
• Significance and lasting
contribution
• The Hammurabi Code
• It was a set of laws that had
been around since Sumer but
he made it the legal law of
all of his Empire
• It was the first attempt to
codify (arrange and set down
in writing) all the laws that
would govern a state

*
*Establishing Civil Law
*Civil Law is the branch of law that deals with
private rights and matters such as property
inheritance, contracts, taxes, marriage, etc.
*Hammurabi's Code attempted this
*Babylonian Example
*Husband was over his wife, but he had to support
her as well

*
*Defining Crime and Punishment
*Criminal Law- The branch of law that deals with
offenses against others, such as robbery, assault,
and murder
*Before Hammurabi Code
*Victims of crime were allowed to take law in their own
hands
*After Hammurabi Code
*Limited personal vengeance and encouraged social order
*An Eye for an Eye and a life for a life

*
*Other Accomplishments made by
Hammurabi
*Hammurabi united his empire by….
*Improving Irrigation
*Organizing an army
*Repairing temples
*Promoted Religious unity
*He promoted Marduk the patron god of Babylon

*
*Hittites Learn the Secret of Ironworking
*Hittites were from the region of Asia Minor
*Started to expand into Mesopotamia in 1400 BC
*They were able to create Iron which was harder and
shaper then the weapons made from Bronze or
Copper
*There was a lot a lot of Iron, so they were able to arm many
people
*They kept this a secret until their empire collapsed
in 1200 BCE and their blacksmiths went elsewhere.

*
*Assyrian Warriors Expand Ancient Knowledge
*1350 BCE they began to expand and create an Empire
across Mesopotamia
*They originated North of the Tigris
*For over 500 years they were the most feared people in
the World
*They had a culture of warfare
*They encouraged a well ordered society
*They had trade
*Well organized cities
*They had and expanded Law
*They even founded one of the worlds first libraries

*
*Nebuchadnezzar Revives Babylon
*After a great king of Assyria passed away, neighboring
people joined forces to crust the once dreaded Assyrian
armies
*In 625 BCE Babylon reestablished itself

*
• He was a ruthless king
• He stretched his empire very
far
• Oversaw the rebuilding of
irrigation, temples, walls,
and palaces
• He built moats and public
works
• The famous Hanging Gardens
as well

*
*Intro
*Have students do the Map Skills on pg. 41
*The Babylonians eventually fallto another
empire- the Persians
*The Persians were tolerant and respected
people's cultures and customs

*
• Ruled from 522 BCE-486 BCE
• He set up a bureaucracy
• A system of government
through departments and
subdivisions administered by
officials who follow set rules
• This became a model for other
rulers
• Adapted laws from the
peoples he conquered
• Built roads to unite the
territory

*
*Darius Unites Many Peoples
*Improving Economic Life
*Darius
*set up a common set of weights and measure to improve trade
*He also encouraged the use of coins
*Barter Economy- a trade system in which one person exchanges
goods or services for another
*This was the Most common
*Money Economy- goods and services are paid for through the
exchange of some token of an agreed value, such as a coin or a bill
*This began to grow
* Darius made a Persian coin

*
*New Religion takes Hold
*Zoroaster- he was a Persian
thinker who helped unite the
empire
*Lived somewhere from 1700 BCE- 1000
BCE
*His Ideas began to take root during the
period of the Darius

*
• The World was broken up
between two powers
• Ahura Mazda (the all
powerful wise God)
• Ahriman (the Prince of Evil
• Every person serves one or
the other
• At the end of time, all people
will be judged by there deeds

*
*Intro
*There were huge empires who were led by great
rulers, but don't count out the little guy
*There were city states that contributed to History

*
*Expanding Manufacturing and Trade
*The Phoenicians became best known for this
*They made glass from coastal sand
*Set up Colonies in other areas
*Colony- is a territory settled and ruled by people
from another land

*
*Establishing an Alphabet
*Phoenicians were "carriers of Civilization"
*The spread Middle Eastern ideas around the Mediterranean
*They developed the Alphabet
*Alphabet- is a writing system in which each symbol represents a
single basic sound, such as a consonant or vowel
*This is unlike cuneiform in which symbols represent words
*There were 22 symbols for the alphabet

*
*Intro
*The Nile is surrounded by rich and fertile land
*Not far past that though are never ending deserts.
*Yearly Floods Bring Benefits
*There was predictable flooding every spring
*It fed the land with water and created rich deposits of salt
*People built dikes, reservoirs, and irrigation ditches to
channel the rising water during the dry season

*
*Uniting Two Regions
*Upper Egypt
*Stretched from the Nile's first cataract- waterfall- to the
Mediterranean
*Also included the delta- a triangular area of marshland formed
by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers
*Southern Kingdom

*King in the North
*In 3100 BCE he united
the Upper Egypt with
the South
*Founded Egypt's first
capital at Memphis
*

*
*Intro
*There are three main periods of ancient Egyptian
history
*Old Kingdom (2575 BCE-2130 BCE)
*Middle Kingdom (1938 BCE-1630 BCE)
*New Kingdom (1539 BCE-1075 BCE)
*Dynasty
*Ruling family

*
*A Strong Government Takes Hold
*Kings were called pharaohs
*They organized a strong centralized state
*Had absolute power
*Were believed to be Gods

*
*Old Kingdom ruled by bureaucracy- a system of government
that includes departments and levels of authority
*Each Pharaoh has vizier- chief minister
* He supervised the government
* Taxes
* Farming
* Irrigation system
*There were aristocrats and nobles
*They were powerful locally
*Merchants
*They were a small middle class

*
*The Great Pyramids are built
*These were necropolises - cemeteries
*They were considered homes for the deceased

*
*Issues with the Old Kingdom
*Crop failures
*Building cost of the Pyramids
*Disunity
*Middle Kingdom was full of hardship
*Nile did not flood regularly
*Corruption in government
*Rebellions

*
*Invasion of Hyksos (1700 BCE)
*They occupied Northern Egypt
*The people liked them
*They brought chariots and horses
*Egyptians mastered it in little time
*Hyksos adopted Egyptian customs
*Ruled for 100 years

*
*Intro
*There arose powerful and ambitious pharaohs
which created an empire

*She ruled from 1472-
1458 BCE
*Encouraged trade with
eastern Mediterranean
lands along the coast of
Africa
*

*He was a great military
general and stretched
Egypt's borders to their
greatest extent evet
*

*
*Ruled between 1279 BCE to
1213 BCE
*Pushed Egyptian control
northward again as far as
Syria
*He was famous for many
battles.

*
*Egypt Battles With its Neighbors
*During Ramses II
*Egypt fought fierce battles against the
Hittites
*Signed a peace treaty
*It is the first peace treaty every signed that
actually survived

*
*Egypt Declines
*After 1100 BCE Egypt declines
*Other Empires begin to attack it
* Assyrians and Persians conquered the Nile Region
*In 332 BCE the last Egyptian dynasty ended when
the Greeks conquered it
*Romans then conquered it

*
*Intro
*It is important to know that Religion was one of
the foundations of Egyptian society

*
• During the Old
Kingdom
•He was the head god
•He was the Sun God
• During the Middle
Kingdom
•He was known by Amon-
Re
•He was the great god
and lord of all gods
•Gave the right of
Pharaohs to rule

*
*Osiris and Isis
*This god and goddess is what most people related to
*According to myth
*Osiris ruled Egypt until his younger brother Set became jealous
and killed him
*He was cut into pieces and tossed all over Egypt
*Isis saved him and brought him back to life
*Osiris became the god of the dead
*He was also the god of the Nile
* Remember what the Nile represented?
*Isis had special appeal for women
*Taught women how to grind corn, spin flax, etc.

*
*A Pharaoh Tries to Reshape Religion
*Amenhotep IV (1380 BCE)
*He devoted his life to worship Aton a minor god
*He took the name of Akhenaton and ordered priests
to worship only Anton
*He was radical but he was very hated

*
*Intro
*Osiris and Isis were very important because they
promised an afterlife

*
*Proving Oneself to Osiris
*Each soul had to pass a test to win eternal life
*They would cross a lake of fire to the Hall of
Osiris
*If they were deemed worthy they would pass into
the afterlife, if not, the Eater of the Dead would
take their souls!!!! MUAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAAH

*
*Preparing the Dead for the Afterlife
*What do you think the Egyptians believed about
the afterlife?
*They thought it would be much like Earth
*This is why they would burry their dead with
everything they would need for eternity
*Mummification- the preservation of dead bodies
by embalming them and wrapping them in cloth

*
*Evidence Found in the Tomb of
Tutankhamen
*During the New Kingdom
*Many Pharaohs were buried in a desolate valley
known as the Valley of the Kings
*Tombs were filled with riches

*
The son in law of Akhenaton
was left untouched for more
then 3,000 years, its treasures
provided a lot of information.

*
*Introduction
*Egypt has their own class system
*Pharaoh
*Royal Family
*Government official and priests
*Merchants, scribes, artisans
*Peasants

*
*Most people were farmers
*For the majority of the year, most people farmed
the land
*On off seasons, peasants were expected to serve
the pharaoh to build palaces, temples, and
tombs

*
*Changes in Social Structure
*New Kingdom
*Social classes changed during the time of trade and
warfare
*Trade
* Offered a growing merchant class
*War
* Brought riches from foreign places

*
*Egyptian women enjoyed higher status
*Women could inherit property, enter buisness
deals, buy and sell goods, go to court, obtain
divorces
*Women work was not confined to the home
*They could produce perfume
*Become doctors

*
*Keeping Written Records
*They had multiple writing systems
*Hieroglyphics
* A system in which symbols or pictures represent
objects, concepts or sounds
* It was used to record important information
*Development of papyrus- a plant that grow along
the banks of the Nile.
*Paper was not discovered until 100AD in China

*
*Clues of the Rosetta Stone
*After ancient Egypt's decline the meaning of ancient
hieroglyphs were lost
*Jean Champollion
*Discovered the Rosetta Stone- a flat black stone that
presents the same passed carved in hieroglyphics, demotic
script and Greek
*He was able to decipher- figure out the meaning- or
passages

*
*Furthering Science and Mathematics
*There was a deep belief in magic, but what do you think
happened because of Mummification?
*They learned a lot about anatomy.
*Doctors were skilled professionals
*They knew about symptoms
*Prescribed medicine
*Astronomy
*They studied the heavens and mapped out constellations
*They developed a 12 month calandar that added 5 days to the
end of the year
*Math
*This developed due to practical problems
*They developed Geometry

*
*Egyptian Arts
*There is a rich legacy of Egyptian Art
*Statues
*Tombs
*Temple Carvings
*Sculptures often remained unchanged or undamaged
*Egyptian Literature
*Includes hymns and prayers to gods, proverbs and
love poems
*Victories in battle as well

*
*About 4000 years ago the ancient Israelites
developed the religion of Judaism

*
*Monotheism
*Belief in one God
*While the surrounding peoples worshiped many
gods, the belief in a one and ultimate God
emerged
*Each event that happened to the Israelites was
reflected a a divine plan
*Torah- the sacred text of the Hebrew Bible. It
is the first 5 books

*
*Intro
*Abraham
*According to the Torah, a man named Abraham lived
near Ur in Mesopotamia. About 2000 BC he left with
his family and herd.

*
*God Makes a Covenant with the Israelites
*A Covenant is a promise or agreement
*The Covenant included two things
*There would be a special relationship that God
would have with Abraham and his Descendants.
*Canaan would one day belong to the Israelites
* This became known as the promised land

*
*Moses
*Later renewed God's covenant
*Freed the Israelite slaves from the Egyptians

*
*The Kingdom of Israel Established
*In 1000 BC David united the tribes under one
banner and was a wise second king of Judaism.
*Solomon was David's son
*Built the 1st holy temple in Jerusalem

*
*Israel Suffers Division and Conquest
*After Solomon died, people revolted
*There was high labor and high taxes
*The Split
*The North Kingdom of Israel'
*Conquered by the Assyrians in 722 BCE
*The South Kingdom of Judah
*Conquered by the Babylonians in 536 BCE
* The Babylonians carried them off to their home (Babylonian
Captivity)
* Eventually they were allowed to leave after 50 years

*
*Intro
*Law was always central to the ancient Israelites
*There was no separation between religious law
and civil law
*Society was patriarchal
*Men held the greatest legal and moral authority

*
*The Ten Commandments as a guide
*What are the tend commandments?
*Teaching an Ethical Worldview
*Spiritual leaders emerged to interpret God's will
*Prophets
*Were these spiritual leaders
*They taught morality, social justice, protection
for the weak and poor
*Kings were also not above the law

*
*Jews maintain their beliefs over time and place
*Diaspora
*The scattering of Jews across the world
*After the Babylonian captivity, many went abroad
*They developed close communities that stuck out in society
*They stayed relatively pure and not influenced by other
traditions

*
*Why is Judaism important to study at least
a little
*It is a major religion because it is fundamental to
both Christianity and Islam
*It has changed the world

Ancient middle east and egypt

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