1. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Erikson’s Theory of Piaget’s Theory of Kohlberg’s Theory of
Psychosexual Development Psychosocial Development Cognitive Development Moral Development
Infants Oral Stage Trust vs. Mistrust Sensorimotor Stage
(birth to 1 year)
Child explores the world by using Psychosocial Virtue: Hope Neonatal Reflex (1 mo.)
mouth, especially the tongue Fear: strangers, anxiety, loud Stimuli are assimilated into beginning mental
Infants are interested in oral noises, falls, sudden images. Behavior entirely reflexive
stimulation movements in the Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 mos.)
Baby finds pleasure in the mouth environment Hand-mouth & ear-eye coordination develops.
Play: Solitary Reflect Infant spends time looking at objects
Learning confidence or Toy: rattle or tape of parent’s voice
learning to love Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 mos.)
Infant learns to initiate, recognize, and repeat
pleasurable experiences
Infant anticipates familiar events
Toy: peel-a-boo
Coordination of Secondary Reactions
(8-12 mos.)
Infant can plan activities to attain specific goals.
Discovers a sense of identity, that his activities
are separate from the activities of others.
Toy: nesting toys; colored boxes
Toddler Anal Stage Autonmy vs. Shame Inventions of new means through mental Preconventional (Level I)
(1-3 y/o) combinations (1-2 y/o)
Child learns to control urination and Psychosocial Theme: “hold Transitional phase Stage 1: (2-3y/o)
defecation on or Uses memory and imitation to act Punishment / obedience
Toilet training let go” Can solve basic problems, foresee maneuvers orientation
It is a part of the toddler’s self- Child learns to be that will succeed or fail Heteronomous morality
discovery, a way of exerting independent and make Toy: Blocks, colored plastic rings Child does right because a
independence decisions for self parent tells him or her to and to
Favorite word: “I”, “no” Preoperational Thought (2-7 y/o) avoid punishment
Preschooler Phallic Stage Initiative vs. Guilt Thought becomes more symbolic Stage 2: (4-7 y/o)
(3-6y/o) Can arrive at answers mentally Individualism
The genitals are the pleasure of the Ability to try new things Thinking is basically concrete and critical Instrumental purpose and
child Intensive activity and Child is egocentric exchange
Oedipus and Electra Complex consuming fantasies Displays static thinking Carries out actions to satisfy
Child learns identity through Interjects parent’s social .Concept of time is now, and concept of own needs rather than society’s
awareness of genital area consciousness distance is only as far as he/she can see Will do something for that person
Masturbation is common during this Child learns how to do things No awareness of reversibility (for every action if that person does something for
phase and that doing things is there is an opposite action) the child
Children may also show desirable
exhibitionism Knows right or wrong Concrete Operational Thought (7-12 y/o) Conventional (Level II)
Bogus playmates/imaginary Systematic reasoning
Fears: dark, being left alone, Uses memory to learn broad concepts Stage 3: (7-10 y/o)
large animals, ghosts, Classifications involve sorting objects accdg to Orientation to interpersonal
body mutilation, pain & attributes relations of mutuality
objects Child is aware of reversibility Child follows rules because of a
School-Age Latent Stage / Latency Period Industry vs. Inferiority Understands conservation, sees constancy need to be a “good” person in
(6-12 y/o) despite of transformation own eyes and eyes of others
All the sexual desires arch Makes things w/ others Stage 4: (10-12 y/o)
Child’s personality development Strives to achieve success Formal Operational Thought (12 yr) Child finds following rules and
appears to be nonactive or dormant Child learns how to do things Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific authority
well reasoning Child finds following rules
Understands causality satisfying
Can deal with the past, present & future Follows rules of authority figures
Adult or mature thought and parents in an effort to keep
the “system” working
2. Adolescent Genital Stage Identity vs. Role Confusion Operational Thought Postconventional (Level III)
(13-20 y/o)
Conflict: Setting Rules Determines own sense of self Stage 5: (Older than 12)
Genitals become awakened Development of who, what & Capable of abstract thinking Social contract, utilitarian law-
Adolescent develops sexual where they are going making persectives
maturity and learns to establish Become focus (self-concept) Follows standards of society for
satisfactory relationships w/ the Period of rebellion and the good of all people
opposite sex uncertainty Stage 6:
Adjusting to a new body and Universal ethical principle
seeking emancipation from orientation
parents, choosing a vocation Follows internalized standards of
& determining a value system conduct.
Young Adult Intimacy vs. Isolation
Person makes commitments
to one another
Isolation and self absorption if
unsuccessful
Independent from parents,
possible marriage /
partnership
Major goals to accomplish in
career and family
Marrying age
Fulfillment of career
Middle Adult Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle Adulthood:
Physical Changes: graying
hair, wrinkling skin, pain & Settling down
muscle aches, menopausal Find jobs
period Start a family
Psychosocial Virtue: Care
Mature adult is concerned w/
establishing & guiding the
new generation or else feels Late Adulthood
personal impoverishment
Relates to older & younger Satisfaction w/ career
generations
Become “Pillars of the
Community”
Older Adult Integrity vs. Despair
Accomplishment of goals
Achieves sense of
acceptance of own life
Adapts to triumphs &
disappointment w/ a certain
ego integrity
Accepts the inevitability of
death or else falls into despair
Appraisal of life & changing
social roles
Self-concerned & withdrawn
3. Havighurst’s Age Periods and Sullivan’s Theory of PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Developmental Task Interpersonal Relationships Mo. Gross Fine Motor Development Play
Yr. Motor Development
Infants Largely reflex The eyes is fixated on
(birth to 1 the person SOLITARY
Infancy Weight: 7 to 8 lbs
year) 0-1 Keeps hands fisted PLAY
Infancy and Early Childhood Maternal anxiety Length: 19 to 21 in Able to follow object to
midline
Learning to walk Vital Signs: Holds head up when Development of social
prone smile
Learning to take solid food Childhood 2 Responds to familiar
Learning to talk As the child grows he T – 37.5 C voices
Learning to control the elimination of learns to interact P – 120 – 140 bpm Holds head & chest The baby knows how to
body wastes Use one specific R – 30 – 60 /min up when prone cry
Laughs aloud
Learning sexual differences & sexual language at a time BP – 80/40 mmHg 3 Babbles and “coos”
modesty (language shock) Follows object past
midline
Achieving psychologic stability forming
simple concepts of social and physical Grasp Can raise head and
Stepping chest
reality Juvenile Tonic neck Teething
Learning to relate emotionally to The child slowly 4 Reflexes are fading Reach out to object
parents, siblings & other people learning accepts authority from
to distinguish right from wrong & his subordinates
developing a conscience More concept of self, Turns front to back Roll over
Has head lag when Hold blocks at each
status, & role pulled upright hand
5 Bears partial weight
on feet when pulled
Middle Childhood upright
Learning physical skills necessary for
ordinary games Turns both ways Doubles birth weight
Moro reflex fading Eruption of 1st tooth
Building wholesome attitudes toward
Sits w/ minimal support
oneself as a growing organism 6 Uses palmar grasp
Learning to get along w/ age mates
Reaches out in “dada”, “mama”
Learning an appropriate masculine and anticipation of being Sleeps on prone
feminine social role picked up position
7 Sits unsteadily Uses fingers to hold
Developing fundamental skills in objects
reading, writing & calculating Transfers objects hand
to hand
Developing concept necessary for
everyday living Sits securely w/o Sits alone steadily for
support an indefinite period
Developing conscience, morality &
8 Recognizes strangers
scale of values Peek-a-boo (to test
memory)
4. Achieving personal independence Creeps or crawls Can hold own bottle
Starts to crawl
Developing attitudes toward social
9 Understands simple
groups & institutions gestures
Pulls self to standing From crawling to
standing
10 Responds when called
by his/her name
From crawling to Walks with assistance
11 standing
Stands alone Triples birth weight
12 Some infants take 1st Can say 2 syllable
step words
Can walk w/ help
Toddler A child gains about 5 Walks alone well Puts small pellets into
(1-3 y/o) to 6 lb and 5 in a 15 Can seat self in chair small bottles PARALLEL
year during the Can creep upstairs Scribbles voluntarily w/ PLAY
toddler stage a pencil / crayon
Head circumference Holds a spoon
increases only about
2cm Can run and jump in No longer rotates a
Prominent abdomen place spoon to bring it to
– pouchy belly 18 Can walk up and mouth
Respirations slow down stairs w/
slightly assistance
HR: 90 – 110 bpm
BP: 99/64 mmHg Walks up stairs Can open doors by
The brain develops 24 alone turning doorknobs
to about 90% of its Unscrew lids
adult size
Control of the urinary Can jump down from Makes simple lines or
and anal sphincters 30 chairs strokes or crosses w/ a
becomes possible pencil
8 new teeth (canines
and molars) erupt
Preschooler Ectomorphic (slim Alternates feet Undresses self
(3-6 y/o) body built) or 3 Runs Stacks tower of blocks A
endomorphic (large y/o Rides tricycle Draws a cross S
body built) becomes Stands on one foot S
apparent O
PR: 85 bpm C
BP: 100/60 mmHg Constantly in motion Can do simple buttons I
Voiding is frequent 4 Jumps A
(about 9 to 10 times y/o Skips T
a day) I
The average child V
gains only about 4.5 E
lb a year.
Height gain is also Throws overhand Draws a 6-part man &
minimal: 2 to 3.5 Can lace shoes
inches 5 Imaginative
Generally have all 20 y/o PLAY
deciduous teeth by
age 3
5. School-Age Average weight gain 6 A year of constant motion
(6-12 y/o) is 3 to lb y/o Skipping is a new skill
Increase in height is First molars erupt
1 to 2 inches
By age 10 brain 7 Central incisors erupt A
growth is complete y/o Difference b/w sexes become apparent in play S
Posture becomes Spends time in quiet play S
more erect O
PR: 70 – 80 bpm 8 Coordination definitely improved C
BP: 112/60 mmHg y/o Playing with gang becomes important I
Development of Eyes become fully developed A
Secondary Sex T
9
Characteristics I
y/o All activities done w/ gang
Sexual Maturation: V
10
Girls (12 – 18 y/o); E
y/o Coordination improves
boys (14 - 20 y/o)
Deciduous teeth are 11 PLAY
lost and permanent y/o Active, but awkward and ungainly
teeth erupt 12
y/o Coordination improves
Adolescent Developing intellectual skills and Onset of puberty SEXUAL MATURATION
(13-20 y/o) Cessation of body Yr BOYS GIRLS
concepts necessary for civic
growth Growth spurt Pubic hair thick & curly,
competence Most girls are 1 to 2 continuing triangular in distribution
Desiring and achieving socially
inches taller than Pubic hair Breasts, areola & papilla
boys abundant & curly form secondary mound
responsible behavior Boys grow about 4 to 13 Testes, penis, & Menstruation is ovulatory,
12 inches in ht and to scrotum enlarging making pregnancy
Acquiring a set of values & an ethical
gain 15 to 65 lb 15 further possible
system as a guide to behavior Girls grow 2 to 8 Axillary hair
inches and gain 15 present
Achieving emotional independence from
to 55 lb Facial hair fine &
parents & other adults achieving PR: 70 bpm downy
RR: 20 breaths/min Voice changes
assurance of economic independence
BP: 120/70 mmHg happening w/
Selecting and preparing for an Gain 2nd molars by annoying freq.
age 13 and 3rd Genitalia adult Pubic hair curly &
occupation
molars b/w 18 and Pubic hair abundant (adult); may
Preparing for marriage and family life 21 y/o abundant & curly extend onto medial aspect
Achieving a new and more mature 15 Scrotum dark & of thighs
to heavily rugated Breast tissue adult &
relations w/ age mates of both sexes 16 Facial and body nipples protrude
Achieving masculine or feminine social hair present Areolas no longer project
Sperm production as separate ridges from
role mature breasts
Accepting ones physique & using the May have some degree of
facial acne
body effectively Pubic hair curly &
abundant (adult); END OF SKELETAL
may extend along GROWTH
16 medial aspect of
to thighs
17 Testes, scrotum &
penis adult in size
May have some
degree of facial
acne
Gynecomastia
6. 17
to END OF SKELETAL
18 GROWTH
Selecting a mate
Young Adult / Learning to live w/ a partner
Early Starting a family
Adulthood Rearing children
Managing a home
Getting started in an occupation
Taking on civic responsibility
Finding a congenital social group
Middle Adult Achieving adult civic and social
responsibility
Establishing and maintaining economic
standard of living
Assisting teenage children to become
responsible and happy adult
Developing adult-leisure time activities
Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a
person
Older Adult / Adjusting to decreasing physical
Late strength & health
Adulthood Adjusting to retirement & reduced
income
Adjusting to death of a spouse
Establishing an explicit affiliation w/ one
age group
Terms:
INFANCY
Extrusion Reflex – food placed on an infant’s tongue is thrust forward and out of the mouth.
Natal Teeth – teeth in newborns
Neonatal Teeth – teeth erupted in the first 4 weeks of life
Deciduous Teeth – temporary baby teeth
Gross Motor Devt – ability to accomplish large body movements
Fine Motor Devt – measured by observing or testing the prehensile ability (ability to coordinate
hand movements)
Ventral Suspension – refers to an infant’s appearance when held in midair on a horizontal plane,
supported by a hand under the abdomen
Landau Reflex – develops at 3 mos. When held in ventral suspension, an infant’s head, legs, and
spine extend. When the head is depressed, the hips, knees and elbows flex
Parachute Reaction – when infants are suddenly lowered toward an examining table from ventral
suspension, the arms extend as if to protect themselves from falling.
Neck-righting reflex – this reflex causes the baby to lose balance and roll sideways when lifting the
head up
Thumb opposition – ability to bring the thumb and fingers together (4 mos)
Pincer Grasp – ability to bring the thumb and 1st finger together. This enables the baby to pick up
small objects (10 mos)
Binocular vision – ability to fuse two images into one
Hand Regard – hold hands in front of face and study their fingers for long periods of time
Eight-Month Anxiety – the height of fear of strangers