Slides for Theories of IM

1. Theories of
Instructional
Materials
by: Mark Elnar

2. Objectives
a. To enumerate the theories of Instructional Materials
b. Discuss the theories of Instructional Materials
c. Appreciate the importance of using Instructional Materials in our lives
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4. Instructional Materials
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5. Instructional Materials
⬢ Instructional materials refer to the human
and non-human materials and facilities that
can be used to ease, encourage, improved
and promote teaching and learning
activities. They are whatever materials used
in the process of instruction.
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6. Theories of
Instructional
Materials
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7. The systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and
instructional theory to ensure the quality of education.
It is the systematic and reflective process of translating principles of learning
and instruction into plans for instructional materials, activities, information
resources, and evaluation.
Instructional Design Theory
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8. 5 Examples of Instructional
Design Models
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1.Bloom’s Taxonomy: Bloom’s Taxonomy is “a hierarchical ordering of cognitive skills that can
help teachers teach and students learn.” Bloom’s Taxonomy has six levels: remember, understa
apply, analyze, evaluate, create.
2. ADDIE Model: Arguably the most important instructional design model, ADDIE — analysis,
design, development, implementation and evaluation — is used as a process guide when
developing effective training tools.
3. Iterative Design: Iterative design calls for “incrementally developing and refining a design ba
on feedback and evaluation.” Additional instructional design models have been spun out of itera
design including Rapid Prototyping and the Spiral Model.

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4. SAM Model: SAM is short for Successive Approximation Model, and is a
simplified version of the ADDIE Model. Where the SAM Model differs is that
feedback is collected earlier so designers can build working models earlier in
the process. Where ADDIE processes are quite linear, SAM is a recursive
process.
5. Learning Circle Framework: The Learning Circle Framework is an
instructional design model that works in three phases: target, create and
launch.

10. Behaviorist Theory
⬢ The hallmark of this theory is that one does not have to delve into
the invisible workings of the mind to understand learning
⬢ Behaviorists believe human beings are shaped entirely by their
external environment. ...
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An example of behaviorism is when teachers reward
their class or certain students with a party or
special treat at the end of the week for good
behavior throughout the week. The same concept is
used with punishments.

12. Cognitive Theory
⬢ Interest of their perception of forms, shapes and procedures
Cognitive Learning Theory explains how we process information when
we learn. ... This type of teaching and learning, where the learner is mostly
passive, sitting down and listening, while the active participant – the
teacher – imparts their knowledge is linked to the Behaviorist Learning
Theory.
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As one grows up, you become an active participant in different processes through
which you gain new knowledge and skills. Training of cognitive learning to
employees in organizations enhances and strengthens their expertise in handling
more complex tasks.

14. Cybernetic Theory
⬢ These theory rely on error detection and error correction
and provided a model for a different view of learning.
⬢ The cybernetic principles of learning are drawn from the
implications of applying to learning the insights into the
behavior of living systems provided by the study of
cybernetics. Cybernetics is underpinned by the notion of
circularity and feedback between a system and its
environment.
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15. ⬢ Cybernetics is the discipline that studies communication and control in
living beings and in the machines built by humans.
⬢ It is also a theory of communication and control of regulatory feedback
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16. Humanist Theory
⬢ More concerned with education’s role in the development
of the person as a person
⬢ This system stresses that human beings are inherently
good, and that basic needs are vital to human behaviors.
Humanistic psychology also focuses on finding rational
ways to solve these human problems.
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This theory and approach in education takes root in humanistic psychology,
with the key concepts focusing on the idea that children are good at the
core and that education should focus on rational ways to teach the “whole”
child. This theory states that the student is the authority on how they learn,
and that all of their needs should be met in order for them to learn well.
For example, a student who is hungry won’t have as much attention to give to learning. So schools offer meals to
students so that need is met, and they can focus on education.

18. Social/Situated Learning Theory
⬢ Emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the
behaviors, attitudes, emotional reactions of others
⬢ Situated learning theory states that every idea and human
action is a generalization, adapted to the ongoing
environment; it is founded on the belief that what people
learn, see, and do is situated in their role as a member of a
community
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Learners achieved a gradual acquisition of knowledge and skills and moved from
being novices to experts. Such learning is contrasted with classroom learning that
often involves abstract and out-of-context knowledge.
Situated learning was observed among Yucatec midwives, native tailors, navy quartermasters, and meat cutters
(Lave and Wenger, 1991).

20. Why is IM important?
⬢ Instructional materials are essential since they help the teacher and
learners avoid overemphasis on recitation and rote learning that
can easily dominate a lesson. Resource materials allow learners to
have practical experiences which help them to develop skills and
concepts and to work in a variety of ways.
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