Incident handling of cyber espionage
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Incident handling of intrusions related to cyber espionage operations is a complex and challenging task. As a national CERT with a unique national early warning detection system, NSM NorCERT has detected and responded to incidents that vary from traditional incident response and abuse handling to counter-intelligence operations. Based on some real-world examples, this talk will be about incident handling of cyber espionage intrusions. What are the most common pitfalls and how can companies be better prepared?
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Incident handling of cyber espionage
- 1. SINTEF ICT The Honeynet Project Workshop 2015 1 Marie Moe, Ph. D., Researcher at SINTEF Incident handling of cyber espionage
- 2. SINTEF ICT • Threats and trends • Case studies with examples from real incidents • Incident handling 2 Agenda
- 3. SINTEF ICT 3 About me § Research scientist at SINTEF § Associate Professor II at HiG (20%) § MSc in Mathematics § PhD in Information Security § GIAC certified Incident Handler § Previously working for NSM NorCERT PHOTO: ROBERT MCPHERSON, Aftenposten
- 4. SINTEF ICT Espionage Sabotage Financial crime Pranks Crisis / War Political protests 4 Society in general National security Chaotic actors Advanced Persistent Threats
- 5. SINTEF ICT 5 Espionage trends • Modern espionage is most effectively conducted through network operations • Significant amounts of information stolen • Russia and China are the most active nation states behind network operations against Norway Source: https://forsvaret.no/ForsvaretDocuments/FOKUS2 015-‐endelig.pdf
- 6. SINTEF ICT How do they compromise our systems? 6 • Spear phishing • Often contains predictable elements • Targeting information often available online • Watering hole/strategic web compromise • User profiling and whitelisting of targets • Harder to detect and more difficult to handle than spear phishing • Credentials harvesting • Using compromised accounts for new spear phishing • Direct access to mail and systems without leaving traces • Known vulnerabilities • Zero-‐days may be used against high priority targets • Physical delivery rarely used
- 7. SINTEF ICT How do they compromise our systems?
- 8. SINTEF ICTSINTEF ICT Case A: Industrial espionage
- 9. SINTEF ICTSINTEF ICT 9 https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/legacy/resources/pdfs/fireeye-‐china-‐chopper-‐report.pdf
- 10. SINTEF ICT • NorCERT was contacted by a company that discovered that they were compromised • Detected at the exfiltration stage • Data ready for exfil was filling up the disk on the Exchange server! • Large files that appeared to be image files (.jpg), but these were in fact password protected RAR-‐files • The exfiltration was carried out via HTTP GET-‐requests • NorCERT coordinated incident response with the victim and performed forensic analysis • The initial attack vector was found to be a vulnerability in ColdFusion which gave the attackers the ability to upload a ”China chopper” webshell • The password for the RAR-‐files was eventually found and the company could get a clear idea of the amount of intellectual property that was lost..
- 11. SINTEF ICTSINTEF ICT Case B: Spear phishing against the energy sector
- 16. SINTEF ICTSINTEF ICT Case C: APT C&C proxy server in Norway
- 18. SINTEF ICT HTRAN report (Aug. 2011) http://www.secureworks.com/research/threats/htran
- 19. SINTEF ICT 19
- 20. SINTEF ICT Incident Handling of cyber espionage • Know your assets! • Common reaction to incidents: “We don’t have anything of value” “We don’t understand why this happened to us”
- 21. SINTEF ICT The incident response lifecycle NIST SP 800-61, Revision 2
- 22. SINTEF ICT Preparation IT Operations/maintenance Clear understanding of network and systems Access control and segmentation Quick updating and patching What about cloud services? Are you in control? IT Security Control and monitor network traffic Detection team that look for intruders and abnormalities Threat intelligence Contingency planning Clear areas of responsibility Escalation routines, contact information Guidelines for incident handling The contingency plan should be rehearsed!
- 23. SINTEF ICT Detection and Analysis Your IDS needs to be constantly updated with the latest threat intel! Logging enables detection and scoping of an incident! • Traffic logs – Web traffic logs – Proxy logs w/ SSL-‐inspection – Netflow – DNS logging / Passive DNS – Web access logs on your own web servers • Authentication logs • Administration logs • Security logs • E-‐mail logs
- 24. SINTEF ICT Containment, Eradication and Recovery You detected or got informed that you have been a victim of cyber espionage… What to do now? Selection of strategy: • Protect and forget • Watchful waiting, possible honeypot operation?
- 25. SINTEF ICT Clean up after compromise • Plan and execute clean ups in a controlled fashion! – Hire a MSSP if you lack the necessary know-‐how • Establish necessary logging and monitoring/IDS • Isolate compromised systems from the network • Secure memory dump and disc image of compromised systems • Reinstall clean back ups • Change all passwords! • Evaluation of the incident handling – Identification of lessons learned – Update contingency plans – Case studies are very useful for training
- 26. SINTEF ICT The ”Cyber Kill Chain” • Lockheed Martin: 7 stages/states of an ”APT-‐style” incident • If the attacker fails in one of the stages the compromise will not succeed! • Detection and response should be implemented for each stage ● What can the organization handle themselves? ● Where is collaboration or outsourcing required? ● Risks and costs increase for each stage ● Timeline: hours or days from successful exploitation http://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed/data/corporate/documents/LM-‐White-‐Paper-‐Intel-‐Driven-‐Defense.pdf Recon Weaponize Deliver Exploit Install C2 Action
- 27. SINTEF ICT Guidelines for incident handling • NSM has published a guide for incident handling of cyber espionage – Can be downloaded at https://www.nsm.stat.no/globalas sets/dokumenter/temahefter/apt _2014.pdf (only in Norwegian) • Overview of logging that should be in place • What information to submit to NorCERT if you want their assistance
- 28. SINTEF ICTSINTEF ICT Thank you! marie.moe@sintef.no @MarieGMoe @SINTEF_Infosec