PHYSICAL SCIENCE

1. LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
• Determine the structure and
functions of biomolecules
• Determine their properties and
functions
MA.SUZANNE HIZOLE-
REGAÑON 2023

2. Macromolecules
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids
Building blocks
of life
MA.SZANNE HIZOLE-REGAÑON

3. What is organic chemistry?
Organic Chemistry is the study of compounds
that contain bonds with carbon atoms.
All living things contain the element carbon.

4. What’s The big Deal About Carbon?
No other element comes close to matching
carbon’s versatility!
These Mighty Atoms:
• Can form millions of different large and
complex structures.
• Easily Bond with elements and each other
• Can form chains and rings.
• Can form single, double, or triple bonds
Benzene

5. Macromolecules
AKA Organic molecules or biomolecules
Macromolecules are large organic compounds formed from hundreds
or thousands of smaller molecules.
• Small molecules that join together are monomers. (mono means
“one”). Monomers are like links in a chain.
• When monomers join together they form long polymers. (poly
means “many). Polymers are chains of monomers.

6. Polymers
Think of polymers as a beaded necklace. Like the different beads on
this necklace, polymers can be made from different monomers.
How many different “monomers” make up this necklace?
6

7. What are the groups of
macromolecules?
Macromolecules in living things are
grouped based on their chemical
compositions
4 Main Macromolecules are:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

8. CARBOHYDRATES!
AKA: Sugars and Starches
Usually colorless, water soluble, and
crystalized.
Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygen Atoms (CHO)
Monomer: Monosaccharaides
Polymer: Disaccharides and
Polysaccharides

9. CARBOHYDRATES!
Carbohydrates are classified in groups
based on number of different molecules.
1 Molecule - Monosaccharaide
2 Molecules - Disaccharides
3 or More Molecules – Polysaccharides

10. Functions of CARBOHYDRATES
1. Readily Available Source of
Short Term Energy. QUICK!
2. Energy Storage
• Glycogen stores energy in animals
-liver and muscle cells
• Starch stores energy in plants
3. Structural
Cell Walls in Bacteria and Plants
Exoskeletons of Insects, Arthropods, and Crustaceans.

11. Monosaccharide
Carbohydrates
AKA: Simple Sugars
Examples:
• Glucose - “Blood Sugar” immediately used
• Fructose - In Fruits
*Hint* “Mono” Means One!
Glucose
Fructose

15. Polysaccharide Carbohydrates
AKA: Complex Carbohydrates
What does “poly” mean?
Examples:
• Glycogen: Energy storage in animals.
• Starch: Energy storage in plants
• Cellulose: Builds cell walls for plants

16. Lipids!
AKA: Fats, Oils, and Waxes
Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms (CHO)
Monomer: Fatty Acids & Glycerol
Polymer: Fats, Oils, Waxes
Functions:
• Stores Energy in Long Term
• Make Up Cell Membranes
• Steroids
Examples:
• Fats & Oils: Energy Storage
• Waxes: Repel Water
• Steroids: Cholesterol, Sex Hormones, and Cortisol (stress hormone;natural flight or fight
response)
• Phospholipid Cell Membranes: Protect and Regulate Cell Homeostasis
**Lipids are generally NOT soluble in water.**

17. Kinds of fats:
1. Saturated fats have two carbons attached to each carbon
(except the one at the end). Saturated fats are unhealthy
fats like butter.
2. Unsaturated fats are missing at least one hydrogen and are
curl in shape. The unsaturated fats are healthy, and include
oils.
3. Trans fat are usually listed as ‘hydrogenated fats’ or
‘hydrogenated vegetable oils’ in the ingredients. It give
foods a desirable taste and texture. Many restaurants and
fast-food outlets use trans fats to deep-fry foods because
oils with trans fats can be used many times

18. EYES HERE!!!!

19. Polymer:
Phospholipids
• Make up cell
membranes.
• Phospholipids pair up
to create a protective
phospholipid bilayer.
By bradleyhintz

20. Proteins
The Most Diverse
Macromolecule Group
Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, and Nitrogen Atoms (CHON)
Monomer: Amino Acids
Polymer: Polypeptide
Functions:
• Form Cell Structures
• Transport Substances In and Out of
Cells
• Enzymes control the rate of reactions
• Hormones to Regulate Cell Processes
• Defense Against Disease (antibodies)
All Amino Acids
Contain an Amino
Group & Carboxyl
Group
Enzymes Control
Reaction Rates

21. Protein structure and function
Amino acids link together to form a polypeptide.
About 20 Amino Acids are found in nature.
A protein is built from one or more polypeptides.
Formed by RNA

22. Examples of proteins and their functions are:
1. Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, skin, and
nails.
2. Fibroin / Silk protein - Fibroin is found in silk. Silk has a
smooth and soft texture. It is one of the strongest natural
fibers that have high resistance to deformation. It is also a
good insulating material.
3. Collagen is a major insoluble fibrous protein found in
connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin,
cartilage and the cornea of the eye. It comprises as much
as 30% of proteins in animals.

23. 4. Enzymes function to catalyze chemical reactions.
They either speed up a reaction, lower the needed
energy for a reaction to take place, or bind substances
to their specific partners. Examples of enzymes
a. Lipase - help in digestion of fats
b. b. Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into
peptides (smaller units)
c. c. Sucrase - also called invertase; help in the
digestion of sugars and starches

24. 4. Enzymes function to catalyze chemical reactions. They
either speed up a reaction, lower the needed energy for
a reaction to take place, or bind substances to their
specific partners. Examples of enzymes a. Lipase - help in
digestion of fats b. Pepsin - help in breaking down
proteins into peptides (smaller units) c. Sucrase - also
called invertase; help in the digestion of sugars and
starches 5. Myoglobin is a polypeptide that stores oxygen
in muscles. It contains a heme group which has an iron
where the oxygen is stored.

25. Nucleic Acids!
Composed Of: Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
(CHONP)
Monomer: Nucleotides
Polymer: Nucleic Acids
Functions:
• Store and Transmit Hereditary or
Genetic Information - DNA
• Protein Synthesis – RNA (LOOK UP SYNTHESIS in GLOSSARY!!)

26. CHONP! Nucleic acids
Nucleic Acids that make up DNA and RNA
are made of 3 parts:
1. Monosaccharide:
• DNA- deoxyribose
• RNA- ribose
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogenous Base
• cytosine, guanine,
adenine, thymine, uracil

27. Let’s Sum It up!

29. Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich
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