1. Unit 2. Al-Andalus
IES Azuer 2020/2021

2. 1. How did Islam expand?

3. A. The expansion of Islam (622-846)
7th century: Faced Byzantine-> Syria, Egypt, Persian Empire
8th century: Reach India. North Africa, Iberian Peninsula.
732, Poitiers.
9th century: South Egypt and Italy.

4. B. The organisation of the caliphate
 First four caliphas: 632-661. Muhammad’s family members. Divided
muslims:
 Shia
 Sunnis
 Umayyad: 661-750. Syria, Damascus capital.
 Abbasid: 750-1258. Baghdad. Some provinces separated (Al Andalus)
 Turks: 1453, conquerer Constantinopla

5. C. Cultural and economic splendour
Arabic, official language
New cities (Cairo, Córdoba…)
Cultural centres, libraries…

7. 2. The establishment of Al Andalus

8. A. The weakness of the visigothic
monarchy
 8th century, crisis.
 Clashes between the nobility
 A war between Achila and Roderic. Supporters of Achila ask the muslims for help

9. B. The military conquest
 711, army of Arabs defeated Visigoths in Guadalete
 25000 men, ocuppied Toledo. Advanced to the north.
 718, controlled most of the Peninsule.

10. C. The integration of Al Andalus into the
Islamic Empire.
 Pacts of submission of the nobles.
 Islam oficial religion, but accepted local costumes. Muladi
 Mozarabs, people that remained christians. A lot emigrated to
the north.

11. How was Al Andalus linked to the Islamic
Empire?
 The dependent Emirate (718-756)
 Dependent of the Umayyad of Damascus. Capital in Córdoba. Ruled by an emir.
 The independent Emirate (756-929)
 8th century, Abbasids of Baghdad. Prince Abd al Rahman fled to Al Andalus.
Umayyad Emirate.

13. 3. The evolution of Al Andalus

14. A. The caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031)
 10th century, internal problems.
 Emir Abd al Rahman III wanted to impuse authority. Caliphate

15. B. The taifa kingdoms (1031-1248)
 1008, Caliphate began to break up. 1031, divided into 25 independent kingdoms.
 Almoravids and Almohads temporarily stopped Christian advanced

17. C. The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada (1248-
1492)
 Last muslim kingdom in the Iberian Peninsule
 Prosperous economy allowed the sultan to pay taxes to Castille.
 1492, conquered by Castille.

19. The Golden Age of the Caliphate of
Córdoba
 Abd al-Rahman III, Al-Hakam II and Hisham II
 Dominate Christian kingdoms
 Economic prosperity
 Wealth by taxes -> bureaucracy and army

20. Administration of the state
 21 provinces or coras
 Caliph absolute power.
 Hachib, prime minister. Viziers, ministers. Diwan, government.
 Governors of provinces, valis. Generals in border areas.
 Cadis, justice.
 Almotacén, markets.

21. ECONOMY.
CULTIVATING THE LAND
 NEW FORM OF AGRICULTURE:
 New plant species: cereals, vegetables, pulses (legumbres), rice, fruits…cotton, medicinal
plants…..
 Irrigation system.

22. 5. Cities in Al Andalus
 Large cities. Cordoba 300.000 inhabitants.
 Sorrounded by walls.
 Important cultural, economic and politic centres.
 Main points: Medina, mosque, alcazar.

24.  Muslims
 Arabs
 Berbers
 Muladis
 No muslims
 Mozarabs
 Jews

25. 7. Andalusí art
 Linked to religion. Predominance of architecture.
 Mosques. Fortresses, palaces, souks, public baths and schools.
 Little development in painting and sculpture.
 Decorative arts.

27. A. The predominance of architecture
 Simple materials: brick, Wood.
 Richly decorated vaults and domes.
 Pillars and colums.
 Austere decoration
 Gardens

28. B. Architecture in Al-Andalus
 Islamic models.
 Horseshoe arch
 Rich ornamentation

29. 1. Emirate and Caliphate Period (756-1031)
 Richly ornamental buildings.
 Great Mosque of Córdoba and Medina al-Zahara.

31. 2. Taifa and Almohad period (1031-1212)
 Austere style.
 Alcazaba Málaga, Aljafería Zaragoza, Giralda and Torre del
Oro Seville.

32. Giralda

33. 3. Nasrid period (1238-1492)
 Richly decorated interiors.
 Alhambra and Generalife

35. 7. Arte Andalusí
 Mezquita de Córdoba
 Identificación: Obra, autor, periodo.
 Análisis:
 Función
 Materiales
 Elementos sustentantes
 Elementos sustentados
 Decoración
 Planta
 Innovaciones
 Conclusiones

36. Keywords
 Mosque: Muslim building for worship
 Souk: an Arab market or marketplace
 Medina: the center part of an andalusí town.
 Madrasa: a school for Islamic instruction.
 Caliphe: the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as
the successor of Muhammad
 Alcázar: a Spanish palace or fortress of Arab origin.

37.  Medina
 Madrasa
 Souk: an Arab market or marketplace
 Mosque: Muslim building for worship
 Caliph
 Alcázar

38. ISLAM
 Orígenes del Islam
 Busca información sobre Mahoma y explica qué es un profeta
 Explica los 5 preceptos básicos del Islam
 Investiga sobre la trascendencia científica y cultural del Islam
 Habla sobre una obra de arte islámico
 Escribe un relato de una página sobre la vida de una persona en Al Andalus
 15 páginas: Portada, índice, introducción, conclusiones, bibliografía
 Trabajo en parejas. Se valorara el trabajo en clase.

39. Vocabulary
 Impoverishment-Empobrecimiento
 Vault-Bóveda
 Dome-Cúpula
 Tile-Azulejo
 Plaster-Yeso

40.  1. Diference between Shia and Sunnis
 2. Muslim dinasty in the Caliphate 750-1248
 3. Official language of the Islamic Empire
 4. Two sides fighting for power in Visigothic Kingdom
 5. Battle in 711
 6. Diferences between Muladi and Mozarabs
 7. Periods of Al Andalus
 8. First caliph of Al Andalus
 9. Who were almohads and almoravids
 10. Last ruler of Granada
 11. Who was the Hachib
 12. Different social groups
 13. Largest city in Al Andalus
 14. Simple materials
 15. Importance of gardens
 16. Periods of architecture in Al Andalus

41.  1. Diference between Shia and Sunnis:
 Shia: Caliph should be a descendent of Muhammad
 Sunnis: Caliph should be the most devotous believer
 2. Muslim dinasty in the Caliphate 750-1248
 Abbasid
 3. Official language of the Islamic Empire
 Arabic
 4. Two sides fighting for power in Visigothic Kingdom
 Achilla/Roderic – Hereditary monarchy/elective monarchy
 5. Battle in 711: Guadalete
 6. Diferences between Muladi and Mozarabs
Muladi: christians converted into Islam. Mozarabs: remained being christians

42.  7. Periods of Al Andalus
 Dependent Emirate. 718-756
 Independent Emirate. 756-929
 Caliphate Córdoba. 929-1031
 Taifa Kingdoms. 1031-1248
 Nasrid Kingdom Granada 1248-1492
 8. First caliph of Al Andalus: Abd al Rahman III
 9. Who were almohads and almoravids
Muslims armies/peoples arrived from North Africa (11th-12th
century)
 10. Last ruler of Granada: Boabdil

43. 16. Periods of architecture in Al Andalus
Emirate and Caliphate Period. 756-1031
Taifa and Almohad period. 1031-1212
Nasrid period. 1238-1492

44.  12. Different social groups
 13. Largest city in Al Andalus
 14. Simple materials
 15. Importance of gardens
 16. Periods of architecture in Al Andalus