1. 8-1
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Chapter 8
Transient Simulations
Introduction to CFX

2. Transient Simulations
8-2
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Training ManualMotivation
• Nearly all flows in nature are transient!
– Steady-state assumption is possible if we:
• Ignore unsteady fluctuations
• Employ ensemble/time-averaging to remove unsteadiness (this is what is done
in modeling turbulence)
• In CFD, steady-state methods are preferred
– Lower computational cost
– Easier to postprocess and analyze
• Many applications require resolution of transient flow:
– Aerodynamics (aircraft, land vehicles,etc.) – vortex shedding
– Rotating Machinery – rotor/stator interaction, stall, surge
– Multiphase Flows – free surfaces, bubble dynamics
– Deforming Domains – in-cylinder combustion, store separation
– Unsteady Heat Transfer – transient heating and cooling
– Many more

3. Transient Simulations
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Training ManualOrigins of Transient Flow
• Natural unsteadiness
– Unsteady flow due to growth of instabilities within the fluid or a non-equilibrium
initial fluid state
– Examples: natural convection flows, turbulent eddies of all scales, fluid waves
(gravity waves, shock waves)
• Forced unsteadiness
– Time-dependent boundary conditions, source terms drive the unsteady flow field
– Examples: pulsing flow in a nozzle, rotor-stator interaction in a turbine stage
Kelvin-Helmholtz Cloud Instability Rotor-Stator Interaction in an Axial Compressor

4. Transient Simulations
8-4
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Training ManualTransient CFD Analysis
• Simulate a transient flow field over a specified time period
– Solution may approach:
• Steady-state solution – Flow variables stop changing with time
• Time-periodic solution – Flow variables fluctuate with repeating pattern
– Your goal may also be simply to analyze the flow over a prescribed time
interval.
• Free surface flows
• Moving shock waves
• Etc.
• Extract quantities of interest
– Natural frequencies (e.g. Strouhal Number)
– Time-averaged and/or RMS values
– Time-related parameters (e.g. time required to cool a hot solid, residence
time of a pollutant)
– Spectral data – fast Fourier transform (FFT)

5. Transient Simulations
8-5
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Training Manual
20
Timestep = 2 s
Initial Time = 0 s
Total Time = 20 s
Coefficient Loops = 5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (seconds)
5 coefficient
Loops
• Transient simulations are
solved by computing a solution
for many discrete points in time
• At each time point we must
iterate to the solution
How to Solve a Transient Case

6. Transient Simulations
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Training Manual
• Similar setup to steady state
• The general workflow is
1. Set the Analysis Type to Transient
2. Specify the transient time duration to solve and the time step size
3. Set up physical models and boundary conditions as usual
– Boundary conditions may change with time
1. Prescribe initial conditions
– Best to use a physically realistic initial condition, such as a steady
solution
1. Assign solver settings
2. Configure transient results files, transient statistics, monitors points
3. Run the solver
How to Solve a Transient Case

7. Transient Simulations
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Training Manual1. Analysis Type
• Edit Analysis Type in the Outline tree and set the option to Transient

8. Transient Simulations
8-8
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• Set the Time Duration
– This controls when the simulation will end
• Options are:
– Total Time
• When restarting this time carriers over
– Time Per Run
• Ignores any time completed in previous runs
– Maximum Number of Timesteps
• The number of timesteps to perform, including
any completed in previous runs
– Number of Timesteps per Run
• For this run only. Ignores previously
completed timesteps
2. Time Duration and Time Step

9. Transient Simulations
8-9
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Training Manual2. Time Duration and Time Step
• Set the Time Step size
– This controls the spacing in time between
the solutions points
• Options are:
– Timesteps / Timesteps for the Run
• Various formats accepted, e.g.
• 0.001
• 0.001, 0.002, 0.002, 0.003
• 5*0.001, 10*0.05, 20*0.06
– Adaptive
• Timestep size will change dynamically within
specified limits depending on specified
convergence criteria or Courant number

10. Transient Simulations
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Training Manual2. Time Duration and Time Step
• The Time Step size is an important parameter in transient simulations
– It must be small enough to resolve time-dependent features …
True solution
Time
Variable of
interest
∆t
Time
Variable of
interest
∆t
Time step too large to resolve transient
changes. Note the solution points generally
will not lie on the true solution because the
true behaviour has not been resolved.
A smaller time step can
resolve the true solution

11. Transient Simulations
8-11
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Training Manual2. Time Duration and Time Step
– … and it must be small enough to maintain solver stability
• The quantity of interest may be changing very slowly (e.g. temperature in a
solid), but you may not be able to use a large timestep if other quantities (e.g.
velocity) have smaller timescales
• The Courant Number is often used to estimate a time step:
– This gives the number of mesh elements the fluid passes through in one
timestep
– Typical values are 2 – 10, but in some cases higher values are acceptable
– The average and maximum Courant number is reported in the Solver out
file each timestep
• A smaller timestep will typically improve convergence
SizeElement
Velocity
NumberCourant
t∆×
=

12. Transient Simulations
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Training Manual
• If required, boundary conditions can be functions of time instead of
constant values
– Velocities, Mass flows, pressure conditions, temperatures, etc. can all be
expressed as functions
– In CEL expressions use “t” or “Time”
– Can read in time varying experimental data through User FORTRAN
3. Boundary Conditions

13. Transient Simulations
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Training Manual
• Physically realistic initial conditions
should be used
– A converged steady state solution is
often used as the starting point
• If a transient simulation is started from
an approximate initial guess the initial
transient will not be accurate
– The first few timesteps may not
converge
– A smaller time step may be needed
initially to maintain solver stability
– For cyclic behavior the first few cycles
can be ignored until a repeatable pattern
is obtained
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time (seconds)
4. Initialization
Residuals

14. Transient Simulations
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Training Manual
• The transient scheme defines the numerical
algorithm for the transient term
• Two implicit time-stepping schemes are
available:
– First Order Backward Euler (more stable)
– Second Order Backward Euler (more
accurate)
• The default Second Order Backward Euler
scheme is generally recommended for most
transient runs
• Timestep Initialisation controls the way the
previous timestep is used as the starting
point for the next timestep
– Can use the last solution “as is”
– Or the solver can extrapolate the previous
solution to try to provide a better starting
point
• Not recommended at high Courant numbers
– Automatic (default) switches between the two
depending on the Courant number
5. Solver Control

15. Transient Simulations
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Training Manual
• The Min. and Max. Coeff. Loops set limits
on the number of iterations to use within
each timestep
• Should aim to converge each timestep
within about 3 – 5 loops
– Complex physics may need more loops
• If convergence is not achieved in the
maximum number of loops, it is generally
better to reduce the timestep size rather
than increase the number of loops
– The solution will proceed to the next
timestep regardless of whether the
convergence criteria was met
– Important to monitor the solution
5. Solver Control

16. Transient Simulations
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Training Manual
• Transient Results
– By default only a final res file is written
• No information about the transient solution
– Need to define Transient Results under
Output Control
• Transient Results Option
– Standard
• Like a full results file
• Can take up a lot of disk space
– Smallest
• Writes the smallest file which can still be
used for a restart (still quiet large)
– Selected Variables
• Pick only the variables of interest to give
smaller files
• Output Frequency
– Controls how often results are written
6. Output Control

17. Transient Simulations
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Training Manual
• Transient Statistics
– Used to generate running statistics for
solution variables
• Arithmetic Average, RMS, Minimum,
Maximum, Standard Deviation and Full
(everything) are available options
• Pick the variables of interest
• Start and Stop Iteration List defines
when to begin and end collecting the
statistics
6. Output Control

18. Transient Simulations
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Training Manual6. Output Control
• Monitor Points are generally used as in
steady-state simulations
• Monitor Coefficient Loop Convergence
creates monitor history for each
iteration within a timestep
– Useful to see if quantities of interest are
converging within a timestep
– By default only the monitor values from
the end of the timestep are displayed
• Tip: Monitoring an expression will
create a transient history chart in the
Solver Manager. This can be easier
than creating the chart from transient
results files after-the-fact, and it doesn’t
require transient results files to be
written

19. Transient Simulations
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Training Manual
• Output differs from steady
state in that each time step
now contains coefficient
loop output
• Courant number information
shown at the start of each
timestep
• Make sure convergence has
been achieved by the end of
the timestep by monitoring
the RMS and MAX residual
plots
7. Solver Output