The Solar System consists of the Sun and planets that orbit it. There are four inner planets closest to the Sun - Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars - and four outer planets farther away - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The Moon is Earth's natural satellite and has four phases as it orbits Earth: full moon, first quarter moon, last quarter moon, and new moon. The document also discusses the atmosphere with its layers of troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere, as well as the hydrosphere as the layer of water on Earth's surface and the geosphere with its crust, mantle, and core layers.