6. NASOPHARYNX
• Upper most part of pharynx.
• Extends from base of skull to the
soft palate or a horizontal plane
passing through hard palate.
• Epipharynx.
8. HYPO OR
LARYNGOPHARYNX
• Lowest part of the pharynx.
• Lies opposite 3rd,4th,5th& 6th cervical vertebrae
• Superiorly from the plane passing from the
body of hyoid bone to posterior pharyngeal
wall, to inferiorly the lower border of cricoid
cartilage.
9.
10.
11. SINUS OF MORGAGNI
Space between the base of the skull & upper
free border of superior constrictor muscle.
Following pass through it
Eustachian tube
Levator veli palatini
Tensor veli palatini.
Ascending palatine branch of facial
12. KILLIAN’S DEHISCENCE
Between two parts of inferior constrictor muscle.
Potential gap between thyropharyngeus(oblique)
& cricopharyngeal(transverse) muscle fibres.
‘ Gateway of Tears ’
Pharyngeal pouch.
13. WALDEYER’S RING
Scattered through out the pharynx is its sub-
epithelial layer is the lymphoid tissue which is
aggregated at places to form masses
collectively called Waldeyer’s Ring
The masses are :
Nasopharyngeal tonsil or the adenoids
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Lateral pharyngeal bands
Nodules is posterior pharyngeal wall
14. NASOPHARYNX
• Upper most part of pharynx.
• Extends from base of skull to the
soft palate or a horizontal plane
passing through hard palate.
• Epipharynx.
15. ANATOMY:
• Roof – basisphenoid & basiocciput
• Anterior wall – Choanae, Septum, Turb & Meati
• Posterior wall – Arch of Atlas, Prevertebral
muscles & fascia
• Lateral wall – ET, Torus, R. Fossa, & Fold
• Floor – Soft pal., N P Isthmus
16.
17. ADENOIDS ANATOMY
Site – Roof & Post wall NPX
Vertical ridges & clefts
Sub epithelial collection of lymphoid tissue.
Ciliated columnar epithelium
No crypts & no capsule
Increases in size up to 6yrs & then gradually
atrophies.
Directly to Upper Jugular N. & Post. Triangle nodes
or through Retropharyngeal N., Parapharyngeal N.,
18. NASOPHARYNGEAL
BURSA
Epithelial-lined median recess within adenoid
mass.
Extends from pharyngeal mucosa to periosteum
of basiocciput.
Represents attachment of notochord to
pharyngeal endoderm.
Thornwald’s disease.
19. THORNWALD’S DISEASE
This is an abscess that develops in
nasopharyngeal bursa. Infected bursa usually
presents with persistent postnasal discharge or
crusting.
20. RATHKE’S POUCH
Represented by a dimple just above the adenoids.
Reminiscent of the buccal mucosal invagination
to form the anterior lobe of pituitary.
Craniopharyngioma.
21. TUBAL TONSIL
Collection of subepithelial lymphoid tissue
situated at the tubal elevation.
Part of waldeyer’s ring.
If enlarged – can cause eustachian tube occlusion.
22. PASSAVANT’S RIDGE
Mucosal ridge raised by fibers of
palatopharyngeus muscle.
Encircles the posterior & lateral
wall of nasopharyngeal isthmus.
In deglutition & denasal speech –
soft palate contracts touches this
ridge
23. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
OF NASOPHARYNX
Directly to Upper Jugular
Nodes.
Posterior Triangle nodes
Or Through Retropharyngeal
Nodes, & Parapharyngeal Nodes
24. FUNCTIONS OF NASOPHARYNX
Acts as conduit for air.
Through Eustachian tube ventilates middle ear.
Acts as resonating chamber during voice
production.
Elevating soft palate against posterior
pharyngeal wall in swallowing , vomiting,
gagging & speech
Acts as a drainage channel for mucus.
25. OROPHARYNX
• Extends from the plane of hard palate above to
the plane of hyoid bone below.
• anatomically,
anterior wall,posterior wall & lateral wall.
26. OROPHARYNX SITE
Posterior to the oral cavity -Oro
Pharyngeal Isthmus
Inferior to the level of the soft
palate and
Superior to the upper margin of the
epiglottis
Sides by Palatoglossal Arches
27. OROPHARYNX- WALLS
Lateral wall of the oro-pharynx presents on each side
the palatine tonsil which lodges in a triangular tonsillar
fossa.
Boundaries of the tonsillar fossa
Front : Palato-glossal arch containing the
corresponding muscle.
Behind : Palato-pharyngeal arch containing the
corresponding muscle.
Apex : Soft palate while both arches meet.
Base : Dorsal surface of posterior third of tongue,
(vallecula, & folds)
Floor : Superior constrictor and stylo-glossus
muscles covered internally by pharyngo-basilar
fascia.
28.
29. OROPHARYNX MECHANISM
The oro-pharyngeal isthmus in closed deglutition
This is to prevent regurgitation of food from the
pharynx to the mouth.
This is achieved by :
Depression of the soft palate
Elevation by back of tongue and movement
towards the midline of palatoglossal and
palatopharyngeal folds.
This allows a person to breath while chewing or
manipulating material in oral cavity.
30. FUNCTIONS OF
OROPHARYNX:
As a conduit for passage of air &
food.
Helps in pharyngeal stage of
deglutition.
Provides local defence &
immunity Sentinels - Waldeyers
ring – Ig A, M, & D
Appreciation of taste.
Vocal tract for Sounds
31. HYPO OR
LARYNGOPHARYNX
• Lowest part of the pharynx.
• Lies opposite 3rd,4th,5th& 6th cervical vertebrae
• Superiorly from the plane passing from the
body of hyoid bone to posterior pharyngeal
wall, to inferiorly the lower border of cricoid
cartilage.
33. PYRIFORM SINUS(FOSSA)
Lies on either sides of larynx & extends
from pharyngoepiglottic fold to upper end
of esophagus.
Bounded laterally by thyrohyoid
membrane & thyroid cartilage and
medially by aryepiglottic fold ,
posterolateral surfaces of arytenoid &
cricoid cartilages.
FBs, Ca
Internal laryngeal nerve – pain, refd pain,
LA
34. Post cricoid region : between upper &
lower borders of cricoid lamina.-
Plummer vinson, Ca
Posterior pharygeal wall : extends from
the level of hyoid bone (floor of
vallecula) to the level of
cricoarytenoid joint.
35. FUNCTIONS OF
LARYNGOPHARYNX:
• common pathway for air & food.
• provides a vocal tract for
resonance of certain speech
sounds &
• helps in deglutition
• Killians- Pouch
36.
37.
38. WALDEYER’S RING
Scattered through out the pharynx is its sub-
epithelial layer is the lymphoid tissue which is
aggregated at places to form masses
collectively called Waldeyer’s Ring
The masses are :
Nasopharyngeal tonsil or the adenoids
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Lateral pharyngeal bands
Nodules is posterior pharyngeal wall
40. THE PALATINE TONSILS
It is an ovoid mass of lymphoid tissues situated
is the lateral wall of the oropharynx in the
tonsillar fossa.
Each tonsil presents
Two surfaces-Medial and lateral
Two poles-upper and lower
41. THE PALATINE TONSILS-Contd….
Upper pole :
Extends into the soft palate
Its medial surface covered by a semilunar
fold and encloses a potential space called
supratonsillar fossa.
Lower pole :
It is continuous with the tongue,
Tonsillo-lingual sulcus separates the tonsil
from the tongue.
42. THE PALATINE TONSILS-Contd….
Medial surface :
Covered by non-keratinised
stratified squamous epithelium.
The epithelium dips into the
substance by the tonsil in the
form of crypts.
Crypts – 12 to 15 primary ,
secondary, debris
One of the crypts, situated near
the upper pole is large and
deep and in called crypta
magna or intra-tonsillar cleft –
cause for peritonsillar abscess.
43. THE PALATINE TONSILS-Contd….
Lateral surface :
Presents a well defined fibrous capsule.
Between the capsule and bed of tonsil is the
loose areolar tissue.
It is the site for collection of pus is peritonsillar
abscess.
Plane of dissection in tonslllection
44. TONSILLAR BED INSIDE OUT
Superior constrictor &
styloglossus muscle
Glossopharyngeal Nerve, &
Styloid process
Facial artery,
Submandibular salivary
gland,
Digastric (post belly), Med
Pterygoid, Mand angle
45.
46. HISTOLOGY OF TONSIL
It is covered by stratified squamous epithelium
Tonsil consists of numerous lymphatic follicles
which surround the tonsillar crypts.
Each follicle presents a germinal centre
composed of lymphoblasts
47. ARTERIAL SUPPLY TO TONSIL
Tonsillar branch of –
Descending palatine of maxillary
Ascending pharyngeal
Ascending palatine of facial
Tonsillar br of facial - main
Dorsalis linguae of Lingual
48. VENOUS DRAINAGE OF TONSIL
Veins drain into Para tonsillar vein
( Dennis brown vein)
Then to common facial vein & pharyngeal
plexus
49. Lymphatic drainage :
Drains into jugulo-digastric lymph node.
Situated below and behind the angle of
mandible.
It is considered as the principal lymph mode
of tonsil.
Nerve supply :
Glossopharyngeal nerve.
Lesser palatine branches of sphenopalatine
ganglion.
50. APPLIED ANATOMY
Have a protective role, act as sentinals at
the portal of air and food passage.
Tonsils may themselves get infected and
act as septic foci indicating surgical
removal of tonsils.
Post tonsillectomy loss of taste sensation
can occur due to involvement of
glossopharyngeal nerve.
Some times referred pain from the infected
tonsil may extend into middle ear.
51.
52. RETROPHARYNGEAL
SPACE
Lies - behind the pharynx between the
buccopharyngeal
fascia covering pharyngeal constrictor
muscles and the prevertebral fascia
Extension - From the base of the skull to
bifurcation of
trachea.
53. PARA PHARYNGEAL SPACE
It is Pyramidal in shape with its base at the base
of the skull and its apex at the hyoid bone.
Relations:
Medial - Buccopharyngeal fascia
Posterior - Prevertebral fascia covering
prevertebral muscles and transverse
process of cervical vertebra
Lateral - Medial Pterygoid Muscle,
Mandible and deep surface of parotid
gland.
54. PARA PHARYNGEAL
SPACE
Styloid process and muscles attached to it
divide the space into anterior and posterior
compartments
Anterior Compartment :
Related to tonsillar fossa &
medial pterygoid fossa
laterally.
Posterior Compartment :
Related to posterior part of
lateral
pharyngeal wall medially and