This powerpoint provides the information related to womens' involvement in substance abuse of Nepal, their reasons behind this, prevention, NGOs working for the rehabilitation and care for those women. This ppt gives information about the drugs smuggling ways prevailing worldwide and many more information.

1. Seminar on women’s involvement in
substance abuse and drugs smuggling
(Nepal)
Presented by:
Manisha Hamal
BPH, 1st batch
Pokhara University
1

2. Introduction
What is drug?
The World Health Organisation (WHO)
defines “a drug” as “any substance,
solid, liquid or gas that changes the
function or structure of the body in
some way.”
What is substance abuse?
The use of illicit drugs or the abuse of
prescription or over-the-counter drugs
for purposes other than those for which
they are indicated or in a manner or in
quantities other than directed.
2

3. Drug smuggling
Any production or
movement of illicit
drugs whether it be at
the international or
intra-national level, the
city level, or direct
selling to users.
3

4. How people traffic drugs
• Baby corpses used for drug runners
• Body packing (swallowing)
•
Eclectic places from soles of flip-flop, golf bags and furniture
• Puppies incision stomach
• Using children ( strapping in legs)
• Beetles
• Tombstone
• Laptop
• Inner wears
4

5. • The Nepal and Bhutan borders are porous. Smugglers
use these borders to traffic heroin, ganja and charas
into the country.
5

6. Substances used as drugs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Marijuana
Heroin
Meth
Cocaine
Opium
Charas
Ganja
Glue
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alcohol
Tobacco
Hallucinogen
Injection
Upper (methadrine)
Downer (valium)
Methamphetamine
Hashish
6

7. Substances used as drugs by women in
Nepal
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Ganja
• Inhalants (locker room/ rush
and spray paint)
• Marijuana
• Cocaine
• Heroin
• Brown sugar
7

8. Some facts related to South Asia
•
According to the World Drug Report 2009, there are
36,20,000 to 36,60,000 opiate users in South Asia.
• According to the injecting drug use (IDU) task force,
in 2007 the estimated number of people who inject
drugs were 5,69,500 (IDUs) and the estimated
number of people who inject drugs and who are HIV
positive were 74,500.
8

9. Facts related to Nepal
• Drug abusers in Nepal spend up to
Injecting drug users
$1 Million (90 Million Nepalese
Rupees) on illegal drugs within
the country each year, according
to Narcoon Nepal
• Many
women
are
smuggling smack, cocaine
found
and
hasish from India to Nepal and
vice versa.
9

10. • Nepalese women seem to influence from western
culture.
• Foreigners smuggle drugs in Nepal.
• Women returning from abroad seem to traffic drugs.
10

11. Hard drug users (in thousands)
17,870
28,439
IDUs
Non- IDUs
Hard Drug Users in Nepal
Some Statistical Facts: 2063
11

12. Area
Kathmandu valley
Female hard drug users
1878
Kaski
318
Jhapa
145
Sunsari
332
Rupandehi
133
Chitwan
191
Morang
50
Parsa
89
Makwanpur
19
Other areas
200
Total
3356
Hard Drug Users in Nepal
Some Statistical Facts: 2063
12

13. Reasons for entering drug trade
• Poverty
• To earn easy money
• Peer pressure
• Enthusiasm
• Victims themselves enter in it
13

14. Condition of female substance users in
Nepal
• About 24,000 female substance users exist in Nepal
• 80% of female drug users have multiple sexual partners
• Because of smoking and drug using habit they are more
vulnerable to lung infections
• No proper intervention from any part of the NGOs,
INGOs, government or society, even the drug users’
community, in favors of females’ drug users
14

15. Condition of female substance users in
Nepal contd....
• Government , INGOs and NGOs hasn’t focus in their
mental problems
• They have gone through
frustration, depression, anxiety, illusion, hallucination, del
usion and suicidal tendencies.
• Female drug users are in desperate need for drug
treatment
15

16. "I made mistakes and now [I’m] paying the price for
it. I am now infected with HIV and I cannot do
anything to get rid of it."
Maya Thapa, former intravenous drug user.
16

17. Reasons for using drugs
• Hunger
• Boredom
• Fear
• Feelings of shame, depression, and hopelessness
• Lack of medicine and medical care
• Difficulty falling asleep because of noise or overcrowding
• Need to stay awake for job or protection
Source: ESCAP HRD Course on Drug Use and its Relationships with Sexual
Abuse and Sexual Exploitation of Children and Youth, (ESCAP, 2000).
17

18. Reasons for using drugs contd.....
• No recreational facilities
• Social isolation
• Lack of sexual desire to engage in sex
• Loneliness
• Physical pain
18

19. Effects of drug use
• Lessens hunger pangs
• Creates sense of excitement
• Generates a feeling of bravery
• Helps to forget
• Self medication
• Produces drowsiness
• Help users to stay awake
• Offers entertainment
19

20. Effects of drug use contd.....
•
Provides a sense of connection with other drug users
•
Can enhance sexual desire
•
Promotes socializing
•
Relieves physical pain
20

21. Health problems seen in substance
abused women
• Neoplasm of breast/genital and genitourinary disorders
• Disorders of pregnancy
• Skin and musculoskeletal diseases
• Ear diseases
• Headache
• Chronic urinary diseases
• Constipations
• Anaemia
21

22. Health problems seen in substance
abused women contd.....
• Psychological distress
• Respiratory diseases
• Low body weight
• Hypertension
• Blood pressure
• Cardiovascular complications
• HIV/AIDS and STDs
22

23. Symptoms that identify a person who
may be using drugs
• Marked personality change
• Change in physical appearance or well-being
• Mood swings
• Change in school or work performance
• An increase in secretive communication with others
• Intuition
• An excessive need for or increased supply of money
23

24. Prevention of HIV through injecting
drug use
• Needle and syringe programs
• Opiod substitution therapy
• Voluntary HIV counselling and testing
• Anti retroviral therapy
• Prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted
infections
24

25. Prevention of HIV through injecting
drug use contd....
• Condom programming
• Targeted information, education and communication
• Hepatitis diagnosis, treatment and vaccination
• Tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis and treatment
25

26. NGOs/INGOs working for women
• New days fund Shakti Samuha Pokhara, Nepal
• Naulo Ghumti, Nepal
• UNODC, Nepal
• Dristi, Nepal
• CBS, Nepal
• Naya Goreto Kathmandu Lalitpur Nepal
• Friendship- Nepal
26

27. Conclusion
• Nepal does not have a good administrative data
management system for any data collected for hard drug
users in the country
• HIV/AIDS and Drug abuse is a rapidly growing problem
in Nepal
• Women are in desperate need of help and treatment
• Many organizations working for substance abused women
isn’t focusing in their mental problems
27

28. Conclusion contd....
• Drugs smuggling is also seen as an increasing
problem
• Women are taking it as a fast earning source
• Smugglers found easy to smuggle drugs in Nepal
because of weak security checkpoints
• Because of poverty people are corrupt
28

29. Recommendations
• Promoting and protecting women's human rights
• Focusing on women’s mental health
• Establishing rehabilitation centres for abused women
• Maintain strict security at checkpoints
• Punishment for smugglers
• Awareness programs related to substance abuse
29

30. At community level
• Awareness about smuggling
• Mass and medias should be made alert
• Fostering awareness among women and adult that
injection drug abuse plays a significant role in the
widespread transmission of the disease
• Isolating substance users should be stopped
30

31. References
1. http://alcoholism.about.com/cs/drugs/a/aa030425a.htm
2. Birecree, E. A., Bloom, J. D., Leverette, M. D., &
Williams, M. (1994). Diagnostic efforts regarding
women in Oregon prison system-A preliminary report.
International Journal of Offender Therapy and
Comparative Criminology, 38, 217-230.
3. http://www.havocscope.com/drugs/
4. http://highwaydruginterdiction.com/
5. http://investigation.discovery.com/investigation/drugmules/smuggling-slideshow.html
31

32. 32