Engineering graphics & design

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Engineering Graphics & Design
TRADITIONAL ENGINEERING GRAPHICS & COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Graphics are visual images or designs on some surface. Images that are generated by a computer are
called computer graphics.
Traditional manual drawing training is down-to-earth, step by step and plays an irreplaceable role in
developing the students' ability of space conception and Graphic expression ability. If there is no
manual drawing training, there is no ability to plot and interpret the drawings and it is difficult to use
the computer to draw, identify, and correct the engineering drawings. Even if we can use computer all
the time, it is necessary to have essential manual training. Practice has proved that the manual drawing
can make students pay attention to the digestion and application of concept and theory, improve their
ability to analyze and solve problems and is the cultivation of graphics thinking. Computer drawing is
only the tool and method innovation.
The thinking in images of engineers is not generated by computer graphics which emphasizes the
skilled operation method and application of skills but rare space concept applications.
The term CAD is defined as the use of interactive computer graphics to help solve a mechanical design
problem. Computer graphics data input has many advantages such as simple, easy to use, fast speed,
less memory space, strong controllability and expressive force, and is conducive to teachers to operate
actively according to the teaching requirements. AutoCAD, UG, CATIA, Pro-E, Solid Works, CAD,
CAXA electronic drawing board are Common software. The biggest advantage of computer graphics
is to exhibit complex parts with animation and three-dimensional graph.
Introduction
Engineering drawing is the language of engineering. Without the good knowledge of drawing, an
engineer is nowhere and he could not have constructed the various magnificent structures or intricate
machines. Evidently, anyone connected in any way, with engineeringconstruction must understand this
language of engineers. Engineering drawing is, therefore,indispensable today and shall continue to be
so as long as engineering and technology continue to be of use in the activities of man.
Engineering drawing is a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional objects. In general, it
provides necessary information about the shape, size, surface quality, material, manufacturing process,
etc., of the object. It is the graphic language from which a trained person can visualise objects.

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Drawings prepared in one country may be utilised in any other country irrespective of the language
spoken. Hence, engineering drawing is called the universal language of engineers. Any language to be
communicative, should follow certain rules so that it conveys the same meaning to everyone. Similarly,
drawing practice must follow certain rules, if it is to serve as a means of communication. For this
purpose, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) adapted the International Standards on code of practice for
drawing. The other foreign standards are: DIN of Germany, BS of Britain and ANSI of America.
Role of Engineering Drawing
The ability to read drawing is the most important requirement of all technical people in any profession.
As compared to verbal or written description, this method is brief and more clear. Some of the
applications are : building drawing for civil engineers, machine drawing for mechanical engineers,
circuit diagrams for electrical and electronics engineers, computer graphics for one and all.
The subject in general is designed to impart the following skills.
1. Ability to read and prepare engineering drawings.
2. Ability to make free - hand sketching of objects.
3. Power to imagine, analyse and communicate, and
4. Capacity to understand other subjects:
Classification of Drawing
(1)
Drawing
Artistic,
Sketch, Free
Hand Drawing
Engineering
Drawing
Geometrical
Drawing
Plain
Geometrical
Solid
Geometrical
Mechanical
Engineering
Drawing
Machine
Drawing
Sheet Metal Marin Drawing
Aircraft
Drawing
Cabinet
Drawing
Civil
Engineering
Drawing
Architectural
Drawing
Structural
Drawing
Electrical
Engineering
Drawing

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(2)
(3)
Engineering
Drawing
Geometrical
Drawing
Plain
Geometrical
Lines, Scales, Geometrical
Construction, Conic
Sections
Solid
Geometrical
Orthographic
Projections
Projection
of Solids
Development
of Surafaces
Instersection
of Surafces
Isomentric
Projection
Oblique and
Perspective
projections
Section of
Solids
Projection
Parallel
Projection
Orthographic
Multiview
1st Angle
2nd Angle
3rd Angle
4th Angle
Axanometric
Isometric
Dimetric
Trimetric
Oblique
cabinet
Cavalier
Clinographic
Shades &
Shadows
Perspective
Projection
Photographic Arial Linear
One Point
Two Points
Three Points

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Software in Engineering
Engineering is a vast field. In current era software has become an integral part of mechanical
engineering. Some of the software which are a must for a mechanical Engineering are:
1) Designing software
2) Analysis software
3) Coding
1. Designing software: Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems (or
workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software
is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve
communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD output is
often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. The term
CADD (for Computer Aided Design and Drafting) is also used.
List of common designing software
AutoCAD - Drafting and two-dimensional drawing.
Pro-E/Creo - Advance solid modelling and 3d designing.
SolidWorks - Advance solid modelling and 3d designing.
Alibre- Advance solid modelling and 3d designing.
Catia - Advance solid modelling and 3d designing.
Pro-E/Creo, CATIA, SolidWorks and Autodesk Inventor are very similar software. Knowing one of
them is sufficient to work on all the other software.
2. Analysis or Simulation Software: Simulation software is based on the process of modelling a real
phenomenon with a set of mathematical formulas. It is, essentially, a program that allows the user to
observe an operation through simulation without actually performing that operation. Simulation
software is used widely to design equipment so that the final product will be as close to design specs
as possible without expensive in process modification. Simulation software with real-time response is
often used in gaming, but it also has important industrial applications. When the penalty for improper
operation is costly, such as airplane pilots, nuclear power plant operators, or chemical plant operators,
a mock-up of the actual control panel is connected to a real-time simulation of the physical response,
giving valuable training experience without fear of a disastrous outcome.
List of Analysis software
ANSYS - Finite Element Analysis (FEM),
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Analysis

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COMSOL
MATLAB - MATLAB is very good and in fact an industry standard for data acquisition and
mathematical modelling. When it comes to mathematical modelling in all Aerospace, Automobile,
Control system domain it is an industry standard. Almost in all the universities, students and
professors use it for research purposes.
3. Coding software/language: Computer programming is the process of designing and building an
executable computer program for accomplishing a specific computing task. Programming involves
tasks such as analysis, generating algorithms, profiling algorithms' accuracy and resource consumption,
and the implementation of algorithms in a chosen programming language (commonly referred to as
coding). The source code of a program is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose
of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate the performance of a task for
solving a given problem. The process of programming thus often requires expertise in several different
subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms, and formal logic.
Generally, python is used if you are dealing with very complex computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
problem which cannot be solved by using multi physics software like (Ansys and Abaqus).
List of coding/ language software
Python
Java
C++
Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CADD)
In traditional drawings we use essentially drawing board tools such as paper, pencils, drafter,
compasses, eraser, scale etc., which will take more time and tough in complex drawings. The most
drawback with traditional drawing is INFORMATION SHARING i.e. if an engineer is drawing design
of machine component and suddenly the manufacturer to modifies dimension of innermost part of the
component; in such situations one cannot modify the drawing already drawn, he should redraw the
component. CADD is an electronic tool that enables us to make quick and accurate drawings with the
use of a computer. Drawings created with CADD have a number of advantages over drawings created
on a drawing board. CADD drawings are neat, clean and highly presentable. Electronic drawings can
be modified quite easily and can be presented in a variety of formats. There are hundreds of CADD
programs available in the CADD industry today. Some are intended for general drawing work while
others are focused on specific engineering applications. There are programs that enable you to do 2D
drawings, 3D drawings, renderings, shadings, engineering calculations, space planning, structural
design, piping layouts, plant design, project management, etc.

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Examples of CAD software
- AutoCAD, PRO/Engineer, IDEAS, UNIGRAPHICS, CATIA, Solid Works, etc.
History of CAD
In 1883 Charles Barbage developed idea for computer. First CAD demonstration is given by Ivan
Sutherland (1963). A year later IBM produced the first commercial CAD system. Many changes have
taken place since then, with the advancement of powerful computers, it is now possible to do all the
designs using CAD including two-dimensional drawings, solid modelling, complex engineering
analysis, production and manufacturing. New technologies are constantly invented which make this
process quicker, more versatile and more Powerful.
Advantages of CAD
(i) Detail drawings may be created more quickly and making changes is more efficient than correcting
drawings drawn manually.
(ii) It allows different views of the same object and 3D pictorial view, which gives better visualization
of drawings
(iii) Designs and symbols can be stored for easy recall and reuse.
(iv) By using the computer, the drawing can be produced with more accuracy.
(v) Drawings can be more conveniently filed, retrieved and transmitted on disks and tape.
(vi) Quick Design Analysis, also Simulation and Testing Possible.
SUGGESTED TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:
BHATT N.D., PANCHAL V.M. & INGLE P.R., (2014), ENGINEERING DRAWING,
CHAROTAR PUBLISHING HOUSE
SHAH, M.B. &RANA B.C. (2008), ENGINEERING DRAWING AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS,
PEARSON EDUCATION
AGRAWAL B. & AGRAWAL C. M. (2012), ENGINEERING GRAPHICS, TMH PUBLICATION
NARAYANA, K.L. & P KANNAIAH (2008), TEXT BOOK ON ENGINEERING DRAWING,
SCITECHPUBLISHERS
 (CORRESPONDING SET OF) CAD SOFTWARE THEORY AND USER MANUALS
COURSE OUTCOMES

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ALL PHASES OF MANUFACTURING OR CONSTRUCTION REQUIRE THE CONVERSION OF NEW
IDEAS AND DESIGN CONCEPTS INTO THE BASIC LINE LANGUAGE OF GRAPHICS.
THEREFORE, THERE ARE MANY AREAS (CIVIL, MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL,
ARCHITECTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL) IN WHICH THE SKILLS OF THE CAD TECHNICIANS
PLAY MAJOR ROLES IN THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PRODUCTS OR
CONSTRUCTION. STUDENTS PREPARE FOR ACTUAL WORK SITUATIONS THROUGH
PRACTICAL TRAINING IN A NEW STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPUTER DESIGNED CAD
LABORATORY USING ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
THIS COURSE IS DESIGNED TO ADDRESS:
TO PREPARE YOU TO DESIGN A SYSTEM, COMPONENT, OR PROCESS TO MEET DESIRED
NEEDS WITHIN REALISTIC CONSTRAINTS SUCH AS ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL,
SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ETHICAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY, MANUFACTURABILITY, AND
SUSTAINABILITY
TO PREPARE YOU TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY
TO PREPARE YOU TO USE THE TECHNIQUES, SKILLS, AND MODERN ENGINEERING
TOOLS NECESSARY FOR ENGINEERING PRACTICE
THE STUDENT WILL LEARN:
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DESIGN AND ITS PLACE IN SOCIETY
EXPOSURE TO THE VISUAL ASPECTS OF ENGINEERING DESIGN
EXPOSURE TO ENGINEERING GRAPHICS STANDARDS
EXPOSURE TO SOLID MODELLING
EXPOSURE TO COMPUTER-AIDED GEOMETRIC DESIGN
EXPOSURE TO CREATING WORKING DRAWINGS
EXPOSURE TO ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION