1. Earth movements
(endogenetic forces)
By Mandeep Kaur Sandhu

2. • Geological changes can be long time or
short time.

3. Epeirogenic
diastrophic
Endogenic
Orogenic
forces
sudden

4. • Sudden forces

5. • Diastrophic forces (slow forces)
– Epeirogenetic (continent origin)
– Orogenic (mountain forming)
epeirogenetic orogenic
Tensional
Upward
(crustal
(emergence)
Fracture)
Compressional
Downward
(crustal
(submrgence)
Bending)

6. • Upward forces
– Upliftment of continents
– Upliftment of coastal land

8. • Downward movements
– Submergence of land area
(subsidence)
– Submergence of land near
coast(submergence)

9. • Orogenic forces are horizontal in nature
either
– opposite to each other (tensional or divergent
forces)

11. • towards same direction (compressional or convergent ).
• Crustal folding
• Crustal warping

13. • Folds
– Wave like bends
– Due to tangential compressive forces
– Anticlines and Synclines

16. • Types of Folds
– Symmetrical folds
– Due to regular and moderate forces

17. • Asymmetrical folds

18. • Monoclinal folds
– More possible to cause faults at intense
pressure of the horizontal forces.

19. • Isoclinal folds

20. • Recumbent folds

21. • Overturned folds

22. • Plunge folds

23. • Fan folds
– Anticlorium and synclorium

24. • Faults
– Crustal rocks are displaced
– Due to tensional forces

25. • Types of Faults
– Normal faults
– Reverse faults
– Lateral faults or strike faults
– Step faults

31. Thanks …