Psycholinguistics for english language teaching - mental grammar
1. By :Mahin Ridlo Ronas
NIM : F221141030
By :Mahin Ridlo Ronas
NIM : F221141030
The Assignment for Psycholinguistics for English Language Teaching Subject
(The Lecturer : 1. Drs. Sudarsono, M.A.,PhD)
(Dr. Regina, M.Pd)
Master of Education in Teaching English as a Foreign Language
Faculty of Teaching Training and Education
Tanjungpura University Pontianak
March 2015
May 21, 2015 1Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
5. Question?
What is Mental
Grammar ?
What is the competence
and
performance, according
to Chomsky?
Why is Mental Grammar
important for
psycholinguistics?
May 21, 2015 Slide5Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
8. "Psycholinguistics is the study of the
cognitive process that supports the
acquisition and use of language" Schmitt, N.
"Psycholinguistics is the study of how the
mind equips human beings to handle
language" Simpson, J
May 21, 2015 8Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
11. MENTAL
GRAMMAR
1. Grammar and
Psycholinguistics
1. How do
speakers
produce
and
understand
sentences?
2. Linguistics
as psychology
2. Chomsky’s
competence and
performance
distinction
3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
4. Linguistic
challenges to
Chomsky’s Grammar
May 21, 2015 11Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
12. 3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3
May 21, 2015 12Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
13. MENTAL GRAMMAR
4. Linguistic challenges to
Chomsky’s Grammar
Meaning – based grammars
Cont. Sub topic 4
May 21, 2015 13Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
16. The Goals of Psycholinguistics?
To Describe
Language
How We Speak?
How We Understand?
May 21, 2015 16Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
17. ISSUES on
Psycholinguistics
(1st Half 20th
Century)
Bloomefield
(Psychological
validity on
writing)
Twaddell
(Rejected such a
goal for
linguistics) Chosmky (1960)
conjoined both
Psychological
linguistics
It means what they
wrote not only a
description of
language but it
was also a
description of what
people had learned
They Considered
the description of
language not the
psychological
aspects of people His Thesis:
linguistics is a
branch of
cognitive
psychology
May 21, 2015 17Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
19. Competence
(Mental
Grammar)
•Is the knowledge that
people have of the
grammar of their
language
Performance
Process
•The activities involved
in producing and
understanding
sentences are
performance process
May 21, 2015 19Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
20. Two Major Goals of
Psycholinguistics
To specify how
people use the
sentence
To specify how people
acquire competence
(grammatical
knowledge)
May 21, 2015 20Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
21. 1.
•Should explain sentence production
•(i.e. how speakers take ideas and make them
into sentences which are rendered into speech
sounds)
2.
•Also should explain sentence comprehension
•i.e. how speakers. On receiving speech sound,
recover ideas from those sounds.
May 21, 2015 21Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
22. 3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3
May 21, 2015 22Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
24. Cont. Sub topic 3
May 21, 2015
24
Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
25. 3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3
May 21, 2015 25Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
26. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 26
1. The Standard Theory (1965)
Aspects of
The Theory
of Syntax
ST
(Standard
Theory)
GB Theory
(Government/
Binding)
27. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 27
Set of Rules of ST
(Standard Theory) Grammar
ST Set of
Rules
Syntactic
PhonologySemantic
Meaning
grammar
Phonetic
28. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 28
ST (Standard Theory) Grammar
ST Grammar
Two Syntacic
Levels
Deep Structure Surface Structure
Two types of
Syntactic Rules
(ST)
Phrase Structure
Rules
(Base rule)
Transformational
Rules
Cont. Sub topic 3.1
29. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 29
Chomsky’s Standard Theory Grammar
Sentence
Phrase Structure Rules Lexicon
Deep Structure
TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES
Surface Structure
Phonological Rules Semantic Rules
30. 3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3
May 21, 2015 30Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
31. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 31
Phrase Structure, Lexicon
and Deep Structure
Cont. Sub topic 3.1
PS (Phrase
Structure)
•Provide :
•Basic Constituent/components structure
Lexicon
•Provide :
•Words, word parts, idioms (stored in Lexicon)
Deep
Structure
•Vocabularies will be analyzed in :
•SURFACE AND DEEP STRUCTURE
32. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 32
DERIVATION PROCESS
S = NP + VP
Intermediate
Structure
Final Deep
Structure
The History of a sentence from the S
element to Final Deep Structure is named
DERIVATION
33. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 33
S NP VP
NP D N
VP V NP
NP N
NP
Prep P
Prep P Prep
Noun
Phrase
Verb
Phrase
Determiners Noun
Preposition Phrase
34. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 34
Phrase Structure,Lexicon and deep Structure
Example : “The boy bought candy at the store”
Sentence
Noun Phrase Verb Phrase
D N V N Prep P
N Prep NP
D N
the boy bought Candy at the store
35. 3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3
May 21, 2015 35Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
36. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
36
Transformational rules
and surface Structure
Cont. Sub topic 3.2
Sentence
Phrase Structure Rules Lexicon
Deep Structure
TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES
Surface Structure
Phonological Rules Semantic Rules
Transformationalrules
andsurfaceStructure
37. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 37
Transformational rules and Surface Structure
Example = “Open the door”
Sentence
Verb Phrase
V NP
D N
open the door
Surface Structure
38. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 38
Transformational rules and Surface Structure
Example = “Open the door”
Sentence
Noun Phrase Verb Phrase
N V NP
D N
You open the door
Deep Structure
39. 3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3
May 21, 2015 39Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
40. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 40
Phonological rules &
Phonological Interpretation
Surface Structure
Phonological Components
INTERPRETATION
Sequence of
Sound Symbol
Sentence Example
Mares eat oats
/merz/ /it/ ots/
INTERPRETATION
Phonetic symbols
(represent the
pronunciation)
41. 3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3
May 21, 2015 41Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
42. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 42
Semantic rules &
Semantic Interpretation
Surface Structure
Semantic Components
INTERPRETATION
Meaning
Elements
Sentence Example
The shoe hurts
Shoe (predicate) –
hurts(argumentative)
INTERPRETATION
(cause-effect)
What we
understand
Something about
the shoe is causing
pain to someone
Logical
relation
43. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 43
Semantic rules
Example = “The Shoe hurts”
Sentence
Noun Phrase Verb Phrase
N
V
VPD
Shoe hurtsthe
Deep & Surface
Structure
44. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 44
Semantic Interpretation
Example = “The Shoe hurts”
Proposition
Predicate Argument x Argument Y
PropositionCause
Shoe
Semantic
Interpretation
Predicate Argument
Condition(un
specified)
Proposition
Condition(u
nspecified)
Predicate Argument
pain
45. 3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3
May 21, 2015 45Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
46. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 46
THE TERMS MODIFICATION
•Deep Structure,
to
•D-Structure
D-Structure
•Surface
Structure, to
•S-Structure
S-Structure
•Semantic
Interpretation, to
•Logical form
Logical Form
•Phonetic
Interpretation, to
•Phonetic form
Phonetic form
GB Theory was 1st synthesized in chomsky ‘s ecture on
Government and Binding in 1981
48. MENTAL GRAMMAR
4. Linguistic challenges to
Chomsky’s Grammar
Meaning – based grammars
Cont. Sub topic 4
May 21, 2015 48Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
49. • Disagreement with the organization of his
grammar where syntax is given a role over
semantics
• (By : Generative Semantic Grammar etc. Scholars :
George Lakoff, Ross and McCawley)
1.
•Disagreement with the adequacy of his structural
characterization of such basic syntactic relations and
constituents, particularly Subject, Direct Object,
Indirect Object and Verb Phrase)
•(By: Relational Grammar scholars etc : Perlumenter,
Postal and Johnson)
2.
May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 49
50. Chomsky’s Grammar;
He Begins neither
with the meaning of
the sentences nor
with its sound
pattern
Rather, he begins with
the specification of
syntax which function
independently
By : Generative
Grammar Linguists:
Meaning or semantic
as the basis for
grammatical
theorizing.
It was a logical
semantic
representation of a
sentence that was to
serve as the conceptual
starting point for their
Grammars
May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 50
51. MENTAL
GRAMMAR
1. Grammar and
Psycholinguistics
1. How do
speakers
produce
and
understand
sentences?
2. Linguistics
as psychology
2. Chomsky’s
competence and
performance
distinction
3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
4. Linguistic
challenges to
Chomsky’s Grammar
May 21, 2015 51Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
56. May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 56
GOVERNMENT
AND BINDING
Subcategorization
X-bar theory
and binding
theory.
case theory
semantic
roles
movement
57. GB assumes a derivational model consisting of four levels of
representation, as diagrammed in (1).
The lexicon lists the idiosyncratic properties of lexical items
which constitute the atomic units of the syntax. These
properties include what arguments the item subcategorizes
for, etc. Lexical items are combined together at D-structure
(underlying structure).
D-structure is mapped into S-structure, which is the
syntactic representation that most closely reflects the surface
order of the sentence.
S-structure is not directly interpreted itself, but is factored
into Phonological Form (PF) and Logical Form (LF).
PF is the interface with the Phonology where shapes,
sounds, and groupings of items are directly represented.
LF is the interface with the Semantics. Predication
relationships and the scope of quantifiers and operators of
various kinds are explicitly represented in the phrase
structure at LF.
May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 57
58. Proposition is (in Logic
perpective) a statement
in which something is
affirmed or denied, so
that it can therefore be
significantly
characterized as either
true or false
Proposition is (Rhetoric
perpective). a
statement of the
subject of an argument
or a discourse, or of
the course of action or
essential idea to be
advocated
May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 58