3. INTRODUCTION
It is an Auto Immune Disease which is when the body
starts to destroy itself.
It is a life-long disease with no cure.
In MS, the body attacks and destroys the fatty tissue
called myelin that insulates an axon/nerve, and is called
demyelination.
If damage is severe it can also destroy the nerve/axon
itself.
4. CONT ..
MS affects the central nervous system and inflames
the white matter in the brain which creates plaques.
White matter is below the top layer of our brain and
spinal cord. Plaques block a signal from being passed
from the body to the spinal cord and brain.
Currently in the US, 250,000-300,000 people have
been diagnosed with MS and there are 200 new cases
diagnosed every week.
5. INCIDENCE
Women makes up 70-75 % cases of MS
Whites are commonly affected
Age of onset ranges from 10 to 50 yrs .the distribution
is bimodal ,with one peak at in mid 20s and other at mid
40s.
6. DEFINITION
• Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease
that affect the myelin sheath of neurons of central
nervous system.
13. Damaging effects
Demyelination
Demyelination also plays an
important role with repeated attack
less affective demyelination
Multiple lesions are produced in the
CNS
Multiple lesions are produced in
the CNS
20. TYPES OF MS
I. Relapsing –remitting MS
II. Primary – progressive MS
III. Secondary – progressive MS
IV. Progressive – relapsing MS
V. Benign MS
VI. Malignant or fulminant MS
23. RELAPSING-REMITTING
• Describes the initial course of 85 % to 90% of
individual with MS
• Characterized by unpredictable relapses followed by
periods of months to years of recovery
• Deficit suffered during the attacks may either
resolve or may be permanent
• When deficits always resolve between attacks this is
referred to as benign MS
24. CONT.
2 Primary progressive MS
• Gradual progression
• Superimposed relapse
• No remission
3 Secondary progressive MS
• It is characterized by gradual deterioration with or with out
acute relapse
• Initially remission and then gradually progress
• Neurological symptoms
• Cognitive functions worsens
25. CONT..
4 Progressive relapsing
• From the onset, gradual progression of disability
• Continuous disease progression
• Significant recovery immediately following a relapse
• Between relapses there is a gradual worsening of
symptoms
27. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• HISTORY
• viral infection
• precipitating factors
• family history
• signs and symptoms
• Sexual history
• mental status examination
• cranial nerve examination
• motor deficit
• sensory examination
• Cerebellar functions
37. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Intrathecal baclofen via surgically implantable pump
• Adductor tenotomy
• Dorsal rhizotomy
• Surgical diversion for urinary incontinence , retention
etc.
• Plastic surgery to cure decubitus ulcer
• No surgical intervention to alter the disease course of
MS.
38. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Impaired urinary elimination R/T bladder dysfunction
• Fluid intake should be maintained at 2L/day
• Avoid fluid intake after evening meals
• Voiding to be attempted at every 3 hrs when
awake
• If voiding not successful-intermittent
catheterization
• Teach self catheterization
39. CONTD..
• Constipation R/T immobility and demyelination
high fiber diet ,bulk formers ,stool softners
Fluid intake ,2L/day
Laxatives and enemas to be AVOIDED because it
cause dependence
A bowel program to be performed
Rectal evacuation by glcerin ,bisacodyl
suppositories ,digital stimulation
40. CONTD..
• Activity intolerance R/T fatigue and muscle weakness
Assist client in planning his activities at his peak
energy level ,which is usually the morning
Periods of rest through out he day to be planned
Collaboration with physical and occupational
therapist helps a lot .Drug amantadine may help to
reduce fatigue
41. CONTD..
• Impaired physical mobility R/T weakness, contractures ,spasticity ,
ataxia
Spastic muscles can be stretched at least twice a day through
their full range of motion
Correct body alignment to prevent contractures
Use of splints is helpful
Ataxia and tremor lessened by small weights applied to distal
extremities
42. CONTD..
• Risk for self care deficit R/T muscle weakness
Client may require aids like wheel chairs ,or canes to perform
ADL and to ambulate
Teach client to use ADL aids
Table tops are adjusted at comfortable heights
Work in combination with physical therapist ,occupational
therapist and social worker
43. REFERENCES
• Ellen barker ; neurosciences nursing ; 2nd edition ; pg 685 –
718
• Joyce M Black ; medical surgical nursing ; 7th edition ; pg
2177-2189
• burner medical surgical nursing ;5th edition p.g. 1765- 17
• www . wikipedia .com