Note

1. IR 4.0: Historical Context
INTRODUCTION

2. The Historical Context of Industrial Revolution
1st
• Steam
• The First Industrial Revolution used water and steam power to mechanize production.
2nd
• Electricity
• The Second Industrial Revolution used electric power to create mass production.
3rd
• Computing
• The Third Industrial Revolution used electronics and information technology to automate production.
4th
• Cognification
• The Fourth is characterised by a fusion of technologies (physical, digital, and biological).

3. Cont…
The word “revolution” denotes abrupt and radical
change. Revolutions have occurred throughout
history when new technologies and novel ways of
perceiving the world trigger a profound change in
economic systems and. Given that history is used
as a frame of reference, the of these changes may
take years to unfold.

4. Cont…
• In Germany, there are discussions about “Industry 4.0”, a
term coined at the Hannover Fair in 2011 to describe how
this will revolutionize the organization of global value chains.
By enabling “smart factories”, the fourth industrial revolution
creates a world in which virtual and physical systems of
manufacturing globally cooperate with each other in a
flexible way. This enables the absolute customization of
products and the creation of new operating models.

5. Cont…
• Still valid today is the lesson from the first industrial
revolution – that the extent to which society
embraces technological innovation is a major
determinant of progress. The government and public
institutions, as well as the private sector, need to do
their part, but it is also essential that citizens see the
long-term benefits.

6. MEGATRENDS
Physical
Digital
Biological

7. MEGATRENDS
Physical
Physical trends are the easiest to see because they are tangible:
• Autonomous vehicles: trucks, cars, drones, aircrafts, boats, etc..
• 3D printing: (additive manufacturing) used in a broad range of applications
from large (turbines) to small (medial implants).
• Advanced robotics: more adaptive and flexible, with advanced sensors, they
can understand and respond in a better way.
• New materials: lighter, stronger, recyclable, adaptive, smart (eg. self-
cleaning)

8. MEGATRENDS
Digital
Some of these trends are a bridge between physical and digital:
• IoT(internet of things): a relationship between things (products, services,
places, etc.) and people.
• Blockchain: new approaches for engagement and collaboration, blockchain
creates trust without a neutral central part.
• Platforms: matching supply and demand in a very accessible way.

9. MEGATRENDS
Biological
Progress has been achieved in reducing costs.
• Genome: today a genome can be sequenced in a few hours (more than 10
years and €2.7Billion to complete Human Genome Project).
• Synthetic biology: customising organism by writing DNA.
• Data: increase medicine precision with targeted therapies.

10. IMPACTS
Economy
Business
National
Society
Individual

11. IMPACTS
Economy
Critical dimensions:
• Growth: technology and innovation are at an inflection point and will soon
unleash a surge in productivity.
• Employment: new technologies will dramatically change the nature of work
across all industries.
• New Skills: low-risk jobs in term of automation will be those that require
decision making under uncertainty.
• Nature of work: workforce will do a portfolio of things to generate income.

12. IMPACTS
Business
Aspects to understand:
• Customer expectations: moving to a world of continuous adjustment and
refinement while ensuring that the human dimension to the interaction
remains at the heart of the project.
• Data-enabled products: continuous learning from data and analytics.
• New Collaborations: not only marketing partnerships but real
collaborations.
• New operating models: always in “beta”.

13. IMPACTS
National
• Disruptive changes are redefining how public institutions and organisations
operate.
• In the “old world” decision makers had enough time to study a specific
issues and then create the necessary response.
• Technology will increasingly enable citizens providing a new way to voice
their opinions.
“Cities need to act like entrepreneurs, they have to compete in attracting
talents.”

14. IMPACTS
Society
• The biggest challenge for society is how to absorb and accommodate the
new modernity while still embracing traditional values.
• Belonging to a community today is more defined by personal projects and
individuals values rather than by spaces, work or family.
“One effect of digitalisation is the emergence of the ”me-centered" society.”

15. IMPACTS
Individual
The fourth industrial revolution is not only changing what we do but also who we
are.
It will change our identity in many aspects:
• behaviours
• privacy
• ownership
• consumptions
• time for work
• time for leisure
• etc.

16. • *Pensyarah di fakulti masing-masing haruslah kaitkan pengenalan IR
4.0 dengan kursus “kaedah penyelidikan (research methods)” dalam
konteks kajian di fakultinya.
• Bahan-bahan lain seperti gambar, grafik dll juga boleh ditambah
menurut kesesuaian fakulti masing-masing.
• Bahan tambahan juga akan disertakan.

17. SOURCES
World Economic Forum - Official website
• https://www.weforum.org
The Fourth Industrial revolution – Book
• https://www.weforum.org/about/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-by-
klaus-schwab

18. UMS IR 4.0 FRAMEWORK
• SLIDE FROM PROF MJ - Jun