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For the startup CEO!
Presented by: Andrew Graham



March 2014!
Memory at Work
Pg 3!
Memory at Work
Pg 4!
Why	
  money	
  
ma*ers	
  in	
  a	
  
startup	
  
Have	
  to	
  pay	
  
the	
  bills	
  
Sign	
  of	
  a	
  
sustainable	
  
business	
  
model	
  
Desirable	
  
outcome!!	
  
Memory at Work
  Income Statement!
  Cash Flow Forecast!
  Balance Sheet!
Pg 5!
Memory at Work
  Financial performance over a period of time!
  Usually for a year, quarter or month!
Pg 6!
Memory at Work
Pg 7!
Amazon.com!
Income Statement!
For the year ended Dec 31, 2013!
millions of USD!
Revenue! $ 74,452!
Cost of sales! 54,181 !
Gross margin! 20, 271!
Operating expenses!
Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 !
Technology & Content! 3,312!
Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 !
Total operating expenses! 19,412!
Income from operations! 745 !
Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) !
Taxes! 161 !
Net income! 274 !
Source: Company filings.!
For teaching purposes, Depreciation & Amortization fully assigned to Tech & Content!
Memory at Work
Pg 7!
Revenue!
!
Money brought into a
company by its business
activities!
Revenue Forecasting!
!
Top-down!
vs.!
Bottom-up!
Amazon.com!
Income Statement!
For the year ended Dec 31, 2013!
millions of USD!
Revenue! $ 74,452!
Cost of sales! 54,181 !
Gross margin! 20, 271!
Operating expenses!
Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 !
Technology & Content! 3,312!
Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 !
Total operating expenses! 19,412!
Income from operations! 745 !
Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) !
Taxes! 161 !
Net income! 274 !
Memory at Work
Pg 8!
Cost of Sales!
!
Costs that go into creating
the products and services
that a company sells!
Amazon.com!
Income Statement!
For the year ended Dec 31, 2013!
millions of USD!
Revenue! $ 74,452!
Cost of sales! 54,181 !
Gross margin! 20, 271!
Operating expenses!
Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 !
Technology & Content! 3,312!
Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 !
Total operating expenses! 19,412!
Income from operations! 745 !
Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) !
Taxes! 161 !
Net income! 274 !
Memory at Work
Pg 9!
Gross Margin!
!
Revenue minus cost of
sales!
Amazon
!!Linkedin
!!Toyota
!
!27%!
!81%!
!13%!
Amazon.com!
Income Statement!
For the year ended Dec 31, 2013!
millions of USD!
Revenue! $ 74,452!
Cost of sales! 54,181 !
Gross margin! 20, 271!
Operating expenses!
Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 !
Technology & Content! 3,312!
Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 !
Total operating expenses! 19,412!
Income from operations! 745 !
Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) !
Taxes! 161 !
Net income! 274 !
Memory at Work
Pg 10!
Operating Expenses!
!
Business costs NOT related
to producing goods &
services for sale!
Amazon.com!
Income Statement!
For the year ended Dec 31, 2013!
millions of USD!
Revenue! $ 74,452!
Cost of sales! 54,181 !
Gross margin! 20, 271!
Operating expenses!
Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 !
Technology & Content! 3,312!
Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 !
Total operating expenses! 19,412!
Income from operations! 745 !
Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) !
Taxes! 161 !
Net income! 274 !
Memory at Work
Pg 11!
Selling, General and
Administrative Expenses
(SG&A)!
Amazon.com!
Income Statement!
For the year ended Dec 31, 2013!
millions of USD!
Revenue! $ 74,452!
Cost of sales! 54,181 !
Gross margin! 20, 271!
Operating expenses!
Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 !
Technology & Content! 3,312!
Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 !
Total operating expenses! 19,412!
Income from operations! 745 !
Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) !
Taxes! 161 !
Net income! 274 !
Memory at Work
Pg 12!
Research & Development!
(“Technology & Content”)!
!
Activities with the intention of
making a discovery that can
lead to new or improved
products!
Amazon.com!
Income Statement!
For the year ended Dec 31, 2013!
millions of USD!
Revenue! $ 74,452!
Cost of sales! 54,181 !
Gross margin! 20, 271!
Operating expenses!
Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 !
Technology & Content! 3,312!
Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 !
Total operating expenses! 19,412!
Income from operations! 745 !
Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) !
Taxes! 161 !
Net income! 274 !
Memory at Work
Pg 13!
Depreciation &
Amortization!
!
Reduction in the capital
value of an asset over time
to account for wear & tear!
Amazon.com!
Income Statement!
For the year ended Dec 31, 2013!
millions of USD!
Revenue! $ 74,452!
Cost of sales! 54,181 !
Gross margin! 20, 271!
Operating expenses!
Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 !
Technology & Content! 3,312!
Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 !
Total operating expenses! 19,412!
Income from operations! 745 !
Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) !
Taxes! 161 !
Net income! 274 !
Memory at Work
Pg 14!
Interest & Other income
and expenses!
!
Income from interest
payments, dividends, etc!
Amazon.com!
Income Statement!
For the year ended Dec 31, 2013!
millions of USD!
Revenue! $ 74,452!
Cost of sales! 54,181 !
Gross margin! 20, 271!
Operating expenses!
Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 !
Technology & Content! 3,312!
Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 !
Total operating expenses! 19,412!
Income from operations! 745 !
Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) !
Taxes! 161 !
Net income! 274 !
Memory at Work
Pg 15!
Taxes!
Amazon.com!
Income Statement!
For the year ended Dec 31, 2013!
millions of USD!
Revenue! $ 74,452!
Cost of sales! 54,181 !
Gross margin! 20, 271!
Operating expenses!
Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 !
Technology & Content! 3,312!
Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 !
Total operating expenses! 19,412!
Income from operations! 745 !
Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) !
Taxes! 161 !
Net income! 274 !
Memory at Work
Pg 16!
Net income!
!
Profit!!!
Amazon.com!
Income Statement!
For the year ended Dec 31, 2013!
millions of USD!
Revenue! $ 74,452!
Cost of sales! 54,181 !
Gross margin! 20, 271!
Operating expenses!
Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 !
Technology & Content! 3,312!
Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 !
Total operating expenses! 19,412!
Income from operations! 745 !
Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) !
Taxes! 161 !
Net income! 274 !
Memory at Work
Pg 17!
Example: Tom’s Solar Power Company, Inc.!
Input Cost: !$50! Sell for: !$100!
Memory at Work
Pg 18!
Units Sold! - ! 50 ! 150 ! 250 ! 400 ! 550 ! 750 ! 1,050 ! 1,400 ! 1,900 ! 2,500 ! 3,500 !
Unit Price! $100/unit!
Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 ! 75,000 ! 105,000 ! 140,000 ! 190,000 ! 250,000 ! 350,000 !
	
  $-­‐	
  	
  
	
  $100,000	
  	
  
	
  $200,000	
  	
  
	
  $300,000	
  	
  
	
  $400,000	
  	
  
Jan	
   Feb	
   Mar	
   Apr	
   May	
   Jun	
   Jul	
   Aug	
   Sep	
   Oct	
   Nov	
   Dec	
  
Revenue	
  
Memory at Work
Pg 19!
Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc!
Monthly Income Statement!
January-June, 2012!
$!
Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun!
Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 !
Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 !
Cash Projection!
Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)!
Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 !
Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 !
SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 !
Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)!
Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc!
Monthly Income Statement!
January-June, 2012!
$!
Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun!
Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 !
Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 !
Cash Projection!
Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)!
Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 !
Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 !
Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 !
Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)!
Memory at Work
Pg 20!
Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc!
Monthly Income Statement!
January-June, 2012!
$!
Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun!
Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 !
Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 !
Cash Projection!
Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)!
Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 !
Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 !
Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 !
Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)!
Memory at Work
Pg 21!
Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc!
Monthly Income Statement!
January-June, 2012!
$!
Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun!
Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 !
Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 !
Cash Projection!
Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)!
Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 !
Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 !
Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 !
Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)!
Memory at Work
Pg 22!
Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc!
Monthly Income Statement!
January-June, 2012!
$!
Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun!
Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 !
Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 !
Cash Projection!
Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)!
Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 !
Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 !
Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 !
Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)!
Memory at Work
Pg 23!
Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc!
Monthly Income Statement!
January-June, 2012!
$!
Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun!
Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 !
Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 !
Cash Projection!
Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)!
Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 !
Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 !
Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 !
Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)!
Memory at Work
Pg 24!
Memory at Work
Pg 25!
Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc!
Monthly Income Statement!
January-June, 2012!
$!
Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun!
Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 !
Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 !
SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 !
Cash Projection!
Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)!
Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 !
Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 !
Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 !
Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 !
Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)!
Memory at Work
Pg 26!
Memory at Work
Pg 27!
If you don’t forecast cash flows, you’re flying blind!!
Memory at Work
  Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization!
  A measure of a company’s cash flow from operations!
Pg 28!
Memory at Work
  Snapshot of assets and liabilities at a point in time!
Pg 29!
Memory at Work
Pg 30!
Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc!
Balance Sheet!
February 29, 2012!
$!
Assets!
Cash! $ 13,000 !
Accounts Receivable! 5,000 !
Inventory (prepaid)! 7,500 !
Building and Equipment! 50,000 !
Land!  ! 100,000 !
Total Assets! 175,500 !
Liabilities!
Accounts Payable! - !
Loan!  ! 25,000 !
Total Liabilities! 25,000 !
Owner's Equity!  ! 150,500 !
Total Liabilities and Owner's Eq.!  ! 175,500 !
Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc!
Monthly Income Statement!
February 2012!
$!
Feb!
Revenue! 5,000 !
Cost of Sales! 2,500 !
Gross Margin! 2,500 !
SG&A! 1,000 !
Net Income! 1,500 !
Cash Projection!
Starting Cash! 21,500 !
Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - !
Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 7,500 !
Minus: SG&A! 1,000 !
Cash gain/(loss)! (8,500)!
Ending Cash! 13,000 !
Memory at Work
  It’s all about cash!!
  Forecast from the bottom!
  Create multiple scenarios: how sensitive is your business to changes:!
–  In revenue!
–  In expenses!
  Get expert advice when you need it!
! Pg 31!
Andrew Graham



agraham@marsdd.com!

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Financial Planning for the startup CEO - Entrepreneurship 101 (2013/2014)

  • 1. For the startup CEO! Presented by: Andrew Graham
 
 March 2014!
  • 2.
  • 4. Memory at Work Pg 4! Why  money   ma*ers  in  a   startup   Have  to  pay   the  bills   Sign  of  a   sustainable   business   model   Desirable   outcome!!  
  • 5. Memory at Work   Income Statement!   Cash Flow Forecast!   Balance Sheet! Pg 5!
  • 6. Memory at Work   Financial performance over a period of time!   Usually for a year, quarter or month! Pg 6!
  • 7. Memory at Work Pg 7! Amazon.com! Income Statement! For the year ended Dec 31, 2013! millions of USD! Revenue! $ 74,452! Cost of sales! 54,181 ! Gross margin! 20, 271! Operating expenses! Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 ! Technology & Content! 3,312! Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 ! Total operating expenses! 19,412! Income from operations! 745 ! Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) ! Taxes! 161 ! Net income! 274 ! Source: Company filings.! For teaching purposes, Depreciation & Amortization fully assigned to Tech & Content!
  • 8. Memory at Work Pg 7! Revenue! ! Money brought into a company by its business activities! Revenue Forecasting! ! Top-down! vs.! Bottom-up! Amazon.com! Income Statement! For the year ended Dec 31, 2013! millions of USD! Revenue! $ 74,452! Cost of sales! 54,181 ! Gross margin! 20, 271! Operating expenses! Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 ! Technology & Content! 3,312! Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 ! Total operating expenses! 19,412! Income from operations! 745 ! Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) ! Taxes! 161 ! Net income! 274 !
  • 9. Memory at Work Pg 8! Cost of Sales! ! Costs that go into creating the products and services that a company sells! Amazon.com! Income Statement! For the year ended Dec 31, 2013! millions of USD! Revenue! $ 74,452! Cost of sales! 54,181 ! Gross margin! 20, 271! Operating expenses! Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 ! Technology & Content! 3,312! Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 ! Total operating expenses! 19,412! Income from operations! 745 ! Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) ! Taxes! 161 ! Net income! 274 !
  • 10. Memory at Work Pg 9! Gross Margin! ! Revenue minus cost of sales! Amazon !!Linkedin !!Toyota ! !27%! !81%! !13%! Amazon.com! Income Statement! For the year ended Dec 31, 2013! millions of USD! Revenue! $ 74,452! Cost of sales! 54,181 ! Gross margin! 20, 271! Operating expenses! Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 ! Technology & Content! 3,312! Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 ! Total operating expenses! 19,412! Income from operations! 745 ! Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) ! Taxes! 161 ! Net income! 274 !
  • 11. Memory at Work Pg 10! Operating Expenses! ! Business costs NOT related to producing goods & services for sale! Amazon.com! Income Statement! For the year ended Dec 31, 2013! millions of USD! Revenue! $ 74,452! Cost of sales! 54,181 ! Gross margin! 20, 271! Operating expenses! Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 ! Technology & Content! 3,312! Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 ! Total operating expenses! 19,412! Income from operations! 745 ! Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) ! Taxes! 161 ! Net income! 274 !
  • 12. Memory at Work Pg 11! Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (SG&A)! Amazon.com! Income Statement! For the year ended Dec 31, 2013! millions of USD! Revenue! $ 74,452! Cost of sales! 54,181 ! Gross margin! 20, 271! Operating expenses! Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 ! Technology & Content! 3,312! Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 ! Total operating expenses! 19,412! Income from operations! 745 ! Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) ! Taxes! 161 ! Net income! 274 !
  • 13. Memory at Work Pg 12! Research & Development! (“Technology & Content”)! ! Activities with the intention of making a discovery that can lead to new or improved products! Amazon.com! Income Statement! For the year ended Dec 31, 2013! millions of USD! Revenue! $ 74,452! Cost of sales! 54,181 ! Gross margin! 20, 271! Operating expenses! Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 ! Technology & Content! 3,312! Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 ! Total operating expenses! 19,412! Income from operations! 745 ! Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) ! Taxes! 161 ! Net income! 274 !
  • 14. Memory at Work Pg 13! Depreciation & Amortization! ! Reduction in the capital value of an asset over time to account for wear & tear! Amazon.com! Income Statement! For the year ended Dec 31, 2013! millions of USD! Revenue! $ 74,452! Cost of sales! 54,181 ! Gross margin! 20, 271! Operating expenses! Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 ! Technology & Content! 3,312! Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 ! Total operating expenses! 19,412! Income from operations! 745 ! Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) ! Taxes! 161 ! Net income! 274 !
  • 15. Memory at Work Pg 14! Interest & Other income and expenses! ! Income from interest payments, dividends, etc! Amazon.com! Income Statement! For the year ended Dec 31, 2013! millions of USD! Revenue! $ 74,452! Cost of sales! 54,181 ! Gross margin! 20, 271! Operating expenses! Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 ! Technology & Content! 3,312! Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 ! Total operating expenses! 19,412! Income from operations! 745 ! Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) ! Taxes! 161 ! Net income! 274 !
  • 16. Memory at Work Pg 15! Taxes! Amazon.com! Income Statement! For the year ended Dec 31, 2013! millions of USD! Revenue! $ 74,452! Cost of sales! 54,181 ! Gross margin! 20, 271! Operating expenses! Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 ! Technology & Content! 3,312! Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 ! Total operating expenses! 19,412! Income from operations! 745 ! Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) ! Taxes! 161 ! Net income! 274 !
  • 17. Memory at Work Pg 16! Net income! ! Profit!!! Amazon.com! Income Statement! For the year ended Dec 31, 2013! millions of USD! Revenue! $ 74,452! Cost of sales! 54,181 ! Gross margin! 20, 271! Operating expenses! Selling, general & admin.! 12,847 ! Technology & Content! 3,312! Depreciation & Amortization! 3,253 ! Total operating expenses! 19,412! Income from operations! 745 ! Interest & Other income and expenses! (310) ! Taxes! 161 ! Net income! 274 !
  • 18. Memory at Work Pg 17! Example: Tom’s Solar Power Company, Inc.! Input Cost: !$50! Sell for: !$100!
  • 19. Memory at Work Pg 18! Units Sold! - ! 50 ! 150 ! 250 ! 400 ! 550 ! 750 ! 1,050 ! 1,400 ! 1,900 ! 2,500 ! 3,500 ! Unit Price! $100/unit! Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 ! 75,000 ! 105,000 ! 140,000 ! 190,000 ! 250,000 ! 350,000 !  $-­‐      $100,000      $200,000      $300,000      $400,000     Jan   Feb   Mar   Apr   May   Jun   Jul   Aug   Sep   Oct   Nov   Dec   Revenue  
  • 20. Memory at Work Pg 19! Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc! Monthly Income Statement! January-June, 2012! $! Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun! Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 ! Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 ! Cash Projection! Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 ! SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 ! Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)!
  • 21. Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc! Monthly Income Statement! January-June, 2012! $! Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun! Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 ! Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 ! Cash Projection! Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 ! Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 ! Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)! Memory at Work Pg 20!
  • 22. Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc! Monthly Income Statement! January-June, 2012! $! Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun! Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 ! Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 ! Cash Projection! Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 ! Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 ! Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)! Memory at Work Pg 21!
  • 23. Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc! Monthly Income Statement! January-June, 2012! $! Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun! Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 ! Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 ! Cash Projection! Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 ! Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 ! Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)! Memory at Work Pg 22!
  • 24. Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc! Monthly Income Statement! January-June, 2012! $! Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun! Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 ! Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 ! Cash Projection! Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 ! Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 ! Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)! Memory at Work Pg 23!
  • 25. Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc! Monthly Income Statement! January-June, 2012! $! Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun! Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 ! Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 ! Cash Projection! Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 ! Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 ! Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)! Memory at Work Pg 24!
  • 26. Memory at Work Pg 25! Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc! Monthly Income Statement! January-June, 2012! $! Jan! Feb! Mar! Apr! May! Jun! Revenue! $ - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! 55,000 ! Cost of Sales! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! Gross Margin! - ! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Net Income! (1,000)! 1,500 ! 6,500 ! 11,500 ! 19,000 ! 26,500 ! Cash Projection! Starting Cash! $25,000 ! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! 5,000 ! 15,000 ! 25,000 ! 40,000 ! Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 2,500 ! 7,500 ! 12,500 ! 20,000 ! 27,500 ! 37,500 ! Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! 1,000 ! Cash gain/(loss)! (3,500)! (8,500)! (8,500)! (6,000)! (3,500)! 1,500 ! Ending Cash! 21,500 ! 13,000 ! 4,500 ! (1,500)! (5,000)! (3,500)!
  • 28. Memory at Work Pg 27! If you don’t forecast cash flows, you’re flying blind!!
  • 29. Memory at Work   Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization!   A measure of a company’s cash flow from operations! Pg 28!
  • 30. Memory at Work   Snapshot of assets and liabilities at a point in time! Pg 29!
  • 31. Memory at Work Pg 30! Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc! Balance Sheet! February 29, 2012! $! Assets! Cash! $ 13,000 ! Accounts Receivable! 5,000 ! Inventory (prepaid)! 7,500 ! Building and Equipment! 50,000 ! Land!  ! 100,000 ! Total Assets! 175,500 ! Liabilities! Accounts Payable! - ! Loan!  ! 25,000 ! Total Liabilities! 25,000 ! Owner's Equity!  ! 150,500 ! Total Liabilities and Owner's Eq.!  ! 175,500 ! Tom's Solar Power Co, Inc! Monthly Income Statement! February 2012! $! Feb! Revenue! 5,000 ! Cost of Sales! 2,500 ! Gross Margin! 2,500 ! SG&A! 1,000 ! Net Income! 1,500 ! Cash Projection! Starting Cash! 21,500 ! Plus: Revenue (1 month delayed)! - ! Minus: Cost of sales (1 month ahead)! 7,500 ! Minus: SG&A! 1,000 ! Cash gain/(loss)! (8,500)! Ending Cash! 13,000 !
  • 32. Memory at Work   It’s all about cash!!   Forecast from the bottom!   Create multiple scenarios: how sensitive is your business to changes:! –  In revenue! –  In expenses!   Get expert advice when you need it! ! Pg 31!