tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about DISPOSAL OF WASTE IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ASHA,#EPIDEMIOLOGY,#ICDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE

1. PLEASE SUBSCRIBE LIKE AND SHARE

2.  Epidemiology is defined as "The study of the
distribution and determinants of health
related states or events in specified
populations, and the application of this
study to the control of health problems.

3.  Epidemiology also includes study of the health
services used by the population, and to measure
their impact. Epidemiology, like public health
itself, is often more concerned with the well-
being of society as a whole, than with the well-
being of individuals.

4.  There are three main components of
epidemiology.
 01. Disease frequency;
 02. Distribution of disease; and
 03. Determinants of disease.

5.  The basic measure of disease frequency is a rate or
ratio. These rates are essential for comparing disease
frequency in different populations or subgroups of the
same population in relation to suspected causal factors.
Such comparisons may yield important clues about
causes of the disease.

6.  The study of how the disease is distributed in
human populations is an important component of
epidemiology. It is the study of pattern of disease
occurrence in a community. The patterns may lead
to the generation of hypotheses about causative
factors or risk factors.

7.  A main feature of epidemiology is to test
aetiological hypotheses and identify the
underlying causes (or risk factors) of
disease. This requires the use of
epidemiological principles and methods.

8. Epidemiology has three main aims:
 To describe disease and other health related event patterns
in human populations.
 To identify the causes of diseases and other health related
events (also known as aetiology).
 To provide data essential for the management, evaluation
and planning of services for the prevention, control and
treatment of disease and other health related events.

9.  The measurements in epidemiology are
many few of them are grouped as :
 a. Measurement of mortality
 b. Measurement of morbidity
 c. Measurement of disability
 d. Measurement of natality

10.  The basic tools of measurement in
epidemiology are :
 1. Rates
 2. Ratios, and
 3. Proportions

11.  A rate measures the occurrence of some
particular event (disease or death) in a
population during a given time period. It is
expressed as per 1000 or per 10000 or per
100000. Example crude death rate.

12.  It expresses a relation in size between two
random quantities. Broadly, ratio is the result of
dividing one quantity by another. It is expressed
in the form of:
 x: y or x/y
 Example- sex-ratio, doctor-population ratio.

13.  A proportion is a ratio which indicates the
relation in magnitude of a part of the whole. The
numerator is always included in the
denominator. A proportion is usually expressed
as a percentage.

14.  Crude Death Rate- It is defined as "the number of
deaths (from all causes) per 1000 estimated mid-year
population in one year, in a given community or
place“. The crude death rate is calculated from the
formula:
 CDR=

15.  for example – a community have 15000 mid year
population and number of death during the whole
year from 1st January to 31st December is 750 than
 As per formula-
 CDR= 750/15000x1000 per 1000
= 50/1000 is crude death rete

16.  Specific Death Rate- when death rate is specific to a
condition than it is known as specific death rate. It may
be disease specific, age specific or specific to any other
variable such as sex, housing, class etc.
 SDR=

18.  Case fatality Rate- Case fatality rate means the killing power
of a disease. Case fatality rate is normally used in acute
infectious diseases. It is defined as no. of deaths due to a
disease per 100 cases of the disease.
CFR

19.  Infant mortality Rate- infant mortality rate is defined
as the ratio of deaths under 1 year of age in a given
year to the total number of live births in the same year.
It is measured by the this formula.

20.  Maternal mortality Rate- maternal mortality rate is defined as
the ratio of deaths of mothers due to pregnancy related causes
the total number of live births in the same year. It is measured
by the this formula.

21.  Incidence Rate- "the number of NEW cases of a particular
disease occurring in a defined population during a specified
period of time". It is given by the formula :

22.  Prevalance - The term "disease prevalence" is defined
as all current cases of a disease (old and new) existing
at a given point in time, or over a period of time in a
given population

23. The commonly used disability rates fall into two groups:
(a) Event-type indicators and (b) person-type indicators
(a) Event-type disability rates
i) Number of days of restricted activity
ii) Bed disability days
iii) Work-loss days (or school-loss days) within a specified
period

24. (b) Person-type disability rates
i) Limitation of mobility: For example, confined to bed,
confined to the house, special aid in getting around either
inside or outside the house.
ii) Limitation of activity: For example, limitation to
perform the basic activities of daily living (ADL) eating,
washing, dressing, going to toilet, moving about &
limitation in major activity, ability to work at a job, ability
to housework, etc.

25.  crude birth rate - Birth rate is the simplest natality rate
and is defined as "the number of live births per 1000
estimated mid-year population in a given year". It is
given by the formula:

26.  General fertility rate - It is defined as the "number of
live births per 1000 women in the reproductive age-
group (15-44 or 49 years) in a given year“ .It is given by
the formula:

27.  General fertility rate - It is defined as the "number of
live births per 1000 women in the reproductive age-
group (15-44 or 49 years) in a given year“ .It is given by
the formula:

28.  Basic epidemiologic methods are based on careful
observation and use of valid comparison groups to
assess whether what was observed, such as the
number of cases of disease in a particular area during a
particular time period or the frequency of an exposure
among persons with disease, differs from what might
be expected.

29.  Basic epidemiologic methods are based on careful observation
and use of valid comparison groups to assess whether what
was observed, such as the number of cases of disease in a
particular area during a particular time period or the frequency
of an exposure among persons with disease, differs from what
might be expected. Main methods are observational studies
and experimental studies. These are also known as
epidemiological studies or research studies.

30. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )