i have publish this slide

1. Awareness Against the Polythene Bags
Arshad Mehmood Khan
Assistant Professor
(Chemistry)

2. Overview
• Traditional/Conventional Plastic
• Applications of Plastics
• Bioplastics
• Bioplastics market
• Disposal/Biodegradation
• Our Concern and benefits

3. Plastics: are commercial materials made
from synthetic polymers, i.e. made by the
chemical industry.
Most plastics are made from oil.
Examples of plastics include polythene,
polystyrene, perspex, PVC, nylon, Kevlar,
bakelite, formica and silicones.
Definition

4. Two types of plastic polymers
Thermoplastic polymers
Thermosetting polymers
Types of Plastics

5. Thermoplastics materials
These are described as plastics that can be
reformed using heat : this plastic returns to
its original flat shape when re-heated.
Here are some examples and their uses :
Acrylic – available in almost any colour in
sheet rod or tube form, can be shaped using
a line bender or vacuum former.
ABS – a very commonly used plastic can be
injection moulded from a powder form.
Styrene – very good for vacuum forming.
thermoplastic resin
Polypropylene
ABS

6. Polyester resin – poured into moulds to
make products or for boat repair
Thermosetting materials
These are described as plastics that do not
reform using heat, they “SET” and cannot
be reshaped .
Urea formaldehyde – electric plugs and
sockets
Melamine – kitchen worktops,
unbreakable drink mugs
Here are some examples and their uses :
Kettle saucepan handles

8. “Traditional” plastic
• Almost entirely derived from non-
renewable, fossil sources
• Complex entanglements of polymer chains
make it hard to decompose
• Relies heavily on petrochemicals
• These are artificial materials and nature does
not know how to handle them
Continued….

9. “Traditional” plastic
• Needs processing in Industries
• Releases toxic chemicals
• Recycling requires energy and money
• Fragmentation or Cyclization occurs
• 200 million tons produced each year and most
of it is not recycled

10. Problem or disadvantages of plastics
10
… is all around us!

11. Plastics Recycling Process
• Sort and clean different plastic
groups
• Melt plastic into bales
• Break bales up and grind into
small flakes
• Wash, rinse and dry flakes in hot
air
• Color may be added or may be
run through a pelletizer

12. Advantages of Recycling
• Waste reduction
• Conservation of energy
• Save money
• Create new jobs
• Generate revenues

13. Disadvantages of Recycling
• Recyclable materials might be in contact with
radioactive materials
• The chemical bonds (toughness)
• Impossible to recycle at 100%
• Most plastics are not biodegradable and their
durability and lightness can cause environmental
problems (or End products are more
contaminated)
• Some degradable plastics have been developed
by chemists to ease the problems of plastic waste.

14. Biodegradablematerials are broken down by
bacteria in the soil and rot away.
• The term "bioplastics" refers to a biodegradable plastics
and/or plastics derived from renewable resources.
• Interest in bio-materials has increased significantly due to
concerns related to global climate change.

15. Bioplastic
Source: renewable or non renewable
Material: biodegradable or non biodegradable
Bioplastics: 0.724 M tons
biodegradable (non renewable resources) 428 000 t
plastics from renewable resources 296 000 t

16. What is Biodegradation?
• Biodegradation is degradation caused
by biological activity, especially activity of the
enzymes
• 90% conversion to carbon dioxide, water
and biomass through the action of
microorganisms
• Time period of 180 days or less
• No negative impact on flora and fauna

17. Sources of Bioplastic
• natural polymers
• modified natural polymers
(viscose, methyl cellulose)
• synthetic polymers (polyesters)

18. Bioplastic market

19. Bioplastic market - Applications
• Bags and Packaging material
• Agriculture and horticulture
• Disposable housewares
• Medical devices
• Consumer electronics
• Automotive

20. Market share of bioplastics by application
use in 2011.

21. World production capacity of bioplastics
by material type in 2011

22. Disposal

23. Methods of disposal after use of bioplastics

24. Ideal closed circle

25. Developing Global Legislation Around Biobased Plastics

26. Italy - first country in the world that banned the use of polyethylene
bags (January 1,2011)

27. • Governments and consumers are demanding
action to reduce dependence on oil.
• Increasing concerns over global warming,
environmental pollution, toxic affects of some
residual monomers and additives are driving
legislation and consumer “backlash” against
conventional plastics
Our Concern

28. More about the benefits
of bioplastics..
• Reduces dependence on fossil raw materials
• Utilizes waste materials
• Biodegradable
• Requires less energy to manufacture
• Can replace fertilizers
• In the long run - economic perspective
• Enormous potential for savings
• Reduces GHGs

29. References
1. Fried, Joel R. Polymer Science and Technology. Prentice Hall:
Upper Saddle River, NJ 1995
2. www.sperecycling.com
3. www.dupont.com (Plastics recycling)
4. www.eastman.com (Eastman chemicals)
5. www.raffrecycling.com

30. Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my dear and respected
sir, Professor Shafiq ur Rehman, Head Department of Chemistry, GPGC
No.1 Abbottabad.
I am grateful to most influential person, Dr. Muhammad Shakeel,
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, GPGC No.1 Abbottabad.
The guidance, encouragement, necessary assistance, support and
tremendous help of the Mr. Muhammad Rizwan, Lecturer Department
of Chemistry, GPGC No.1 Abbottabad and Mr. Majid Ali, Lecturer
Department of Chemistry, GPGC No.1 Abbottabad. I am indebted to all
those who contributed to this work one way or the others.

31. Thank you!