2. Nervous System Definition
The nervous system is the part
of body that coordinates its
action and transnmits signals
to and from different parts of
the body.
12. 3. DELUSION AND HALLUCINATION
Dellusion : It is a false belief in
something which is not a fact.
Hallucination: It is a false perception
of some special senses without any
external object or stimulus.
16. Coma: Coma is state in which the patient makes no
psychological meaninngful response to external
stimulus or to inner need.
Stupor: Show some response for instance to painful
stimuli
Dementia: Patient awake and alert but muddled in
time,place,and person and has impaired memory
and mental processing
Delirium: Patient confused but alertness is
impaired
17. 6. Memory:
1. Recent memory:
Day of the week
Date in the month
2. Short term memory
Memory for events of a few seconds or minutes past
Test-repeat seven digits backwards
Spell world backwards
3. Long Term Memory
19. 8. SPEECH AND LANGUAGE
Listen to the patient’s spontaneous speech,
noting volume,rhythm and clarity.
Ask the patient to repeat phrases such as
‘yellow lorry’ to test lingual (tongue) sounds
and ‘baby hippopotamus’ for labial (lip)
sounds, then a tongue twister, e.g. ‘the Leith
police dismisseth us’.
Ask the patient to count steadily to 30 to
assess fatigue.
Ask the patient to cough and to say ‘Ah’;
observe the soft palate rising bilaterally.
20. SPEECH AND LANGUAGE (continued…)
During spontaneous speech, listen to the fluency and appropriateness of the
content, particularly for paraphasias and neologisms.
Show the patient a common object, e.g. coin or pen, and ask its name.
Give a simple three-stage command, e.g. pick up this piece of paper, fold it in
half and place it under the book.
Ask the patient to repeat a simple sentence, e.g. ‘Today is Tuesday’.
Ask the patient to read a passage from a newspaper.
Ask the patient to write a sentence; examine his handwriting.
21. SPEECH AND LANGUAGE (continued…)
Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder. It results from impaired
movement of the muscles used for speech production, including
the lips, tongue, vocal folds etc.
Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or
comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write.
Dysphasia is loss of or deficiency in the power to use or
understand language as a result of injury to or disease of the
brain.
Dysphonia is commonly referred to as hoarse voice, refers to
dysfunction in the ability to produce voice due to laryngeal
disorder.
22. TYPES OF DYSPHAISIA:
1.EXPRESSIVE (MOTOR) DYSPHASIA:
Damage to broca’s area(inferior frontal region)
Decrease verbal output
Non fluent speech
Errors of grammer and syntax
Comprehension is intact
23. 2. RECEPTIVE (SENSORY) DYSPHASIA:
Dysfunction in Wernicke’s area
Poor comprehension
Speech is fluent
Meaningless
Paraphasias(incorrect word)
Neologisms(nonsense new words)
24. PARIETAL LOBE LESION:
Dyslexia:difficulty comprehending written language
Dysgraphia:impairement of writing
Apraxia: inability to carry out complex task despite having an
intact sensory and motor system
Agnosia:inability to interpret sensation
NONDOMINANT PARIETAL LOBE DYSFUNCTION:
Constructional apraxia:
Inability to copy accurately drawing of 3 dimensional
construction
30. Cranial Nerve I
The Olfactory Nerve
Each nostril should first be evaluated for
potency by compressing one nostril and
having the patient breath through the
opposite.
Each nostril should then be tested
separately with a volatile, non-irritating
substance such as cloves, coffee or vanilla.
The patient should close his eyes, occlude
one nostril and identify the substance
placed under the open nostril.
32. Cranial nerve II
Visual Acuity
Position yourself in front of the patient.
Each eye separately covering one at a time .
Snellen's chart is used
40. Retinal abnormalities.
(A) Left optic atrophy. Note the lack of a pink
neuroretinal rim.
(B) Preretinal haemorrhage.
(C) Pale white swollen disc. This is highly suggestive of
giant cell arteritis, particularly if associated with visual
loss.
(D) Arteriolar occlusion of the horizontal nerve fibre
layer.
Multiple cotton-wool spots in human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) retinopathy.
(E) Cytomegalovirus retinitis. Note the large superficial
retinal infiltrate associated with flame haemorrhage.
(F) Central retinal artery occlusion. Note the milky-white
pale infarcted retina surrounding healthy pink fovea
(‘cherry-red spot’).
(G) Central retinal vein occlusion. Note the widespread
retinal haemorrhages and swollen optic disc.
(H) Diabetic retinopathy with multiple dot and blot
haemorrhages, indicating widespread capillary
occlusion, a precursor of new vessel formation.
41. Cranial nerves II , III
Pupils: Reaction to Light
Have the patient look at a distant object
Look at size, shape and symmetry of
pupils.
Shine a light into each eye and observe
constriction of pupil .
Flash a light on one pupil and watch it
contract briskly .
Flash the light again and watch the opposite
pupil constriction (consensual reflex)
Repeat this procedure on the opposite eye.
42. PUPIL Abnormalities:
DM:small pupil,responds poorly,due to
autonomic neuropathy
Argyll Robertson pupil:
-in syphilis
-pinpoint,irregular pupil
-constrict only on convergence
43. Holmes adie pupil:
mid dilated,bilateral
responds poorly to convergence
Macus gunn pupil:
optic nerve damage result in afferent pupillary defect
both pupil contsrict to light
60. Cranial Nerve V (continued)
Jaw Jerk
The mandible or lower jaw—is
tapped at a downward angle just
below the lips at the chin while the
mouth is held slightly open.
In response, the masseter muscles
will jerk the mandible upwards.
Normally this reflex is absent or
very slight.
However in individuals with upper
motor neuron lesions the jaw jerk
reflex can be quite pronounced.
74. Unilateral IX and X lesion:
Skull base tumor
Skull base fracture
Stroke(lateral medullary syndrome)
75. Cranial Nerve XI
Accessory Nerve
•Have patient shrug shoulder against resistance and evaluate strength
of Trapezius muscle.
•Have patient turn head to one side against resistance and evaluate
strength and observe contracting sternomastoid muscle
76. Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal Nerve
Ask the patient to move the tongue side to side in the mouth and feel the strength
Ask the patient to open mouth and observe the tongue whether any atrophy or fasciculation
present or not.
Ask the patient to protrude the tongue. Protruded tongue deviates to the side of lesion of 12th
nerve.