2. studying sediments
derive information on the depositional conditions;
rock unit
relation of the individual rock units in a basin into
a coherent understanding of the evolution of the
sedimentary sequences and basins
Earth's geological history as a whole
3. Sedimentary rocks are formed in places where
there has been water at one time.
Dead animals, plants, and pieces of rocks or
minerals are carried to these places by wind,
water, ice, or even gravity.
5. Types of rock that are formed by the
deposition of material at the Earth's surface
and within bodies of water
Indicators of geological processes,
environment (tectonic event), and geological
history.
Contain of mineral resources such as coal,
petroleum, natural gas, iron, gold, aluminum,
uranium, diamond etc.
7. All of the chemical, physical and biological
changes that take place after sediments are
deposited.
Occurs within the upper few kilometers of earth’s
crust
Consist of:
Lithification : unconsolidated sediments are
transformed into solid sedimentary rocks by
compaction and cementation
Natural cements include calcite, silica and iron
oxide.
8. Sediment originates from mechanical and/or
chemical weathering.
Based on the source of material:
i. Detrital (Siliciclastic) sediments: sediment
transported as solid particles
ii. Chemical Sediments : sediment that was once
in solution
iii. Biogenic, Biochemical and Organic sediments
iv. Volcanoclastic sediments.
coal
9. The chief constituents of detrital rocks include:
Clay minerals
Quartz
Feldspars
Micas
Chert Breccia: The angular clasts in this
breccia are chert fragments. The matrix is an
iron-stained mix of clay through sand-size
particles. The specimen is about two inches
(five centimeters) across.
Particle size is used to distinguish among the
various types of detrital rocks.
11. Consist of precipitated material that was
once in solution
Precipitation of material occurs in two
ways:
Inorganic processes
Organic processes (biochemical origin)
12. Limestone
Most abundant chemical rock
Majority composed by mineral calcite
Marine biochemical limestone form as coral reefs,
coquina (broken shells), and chalk (microscopic
organisms)
Inorganic limestones include travetine (limestone
dissolves in place and is redeposited in another) and
oolitic (small rounded particles or grains &
look like fish eggs)
13. Example for inorganic processes:
Chert
Made of microcyrstalline quartz
Varieties include flint and jasper (banded
form is called agate)
Evaporites
Evaporation triggers deposition of chemical
precipitates
Ex: rock salt and rock gypsum