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BEHAVIOR OF GASES 
Gas Properties
Definition of a gas 
 A gas is a homogeneous fluid, generally of low density and low viscosity. 
 Gas has no definite volume but assumed the volume of any vessel which 
it is placed. 
 Specific laws that express the behavior of gases at various temperature 
and pressure are very important in petroleum technology. 
 The gases are divided into ideal (perfect) gas and real ( non-ideal) gas. 
The properties of hydrocarbon gases are relatively simple since the 
parameters of pressure, Volume and temperature (PVT) can be related by a 
single equation. 
The basics for this equation an adaptation of a combination of the classical 
laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro. 
In the equation of state for an ideal gas, that is a gas in which the volume of 
the gas molecules is insignificant, attractive and repulsive forces between 
molecules are ignored, and maintain their energy when they collide with each 
other.
Behaviour of hydrocarbon gases 
• PV =nRT the ideal gas law 
Where field units SI units 
P = absolute pressure psia bara 
V = volume cu.ft. m3 
n = number of moles of gas - - 
T = absolute temperature o Rankine o Rankine 
R = universal gas constant psia. Cu.ft. KJ/kmol.K 
 The above equation is valid at low pressure where the assumptions 
hold. 
 However, at typical reservoir temperatures and pressures, the 
assumptions are no longer valid, and the behaviour of hydrocarbon 
reservoir gases deviate from the ideal gas law.
Behaviour of hydrocarbon gases 
 In practice, it’s convenient to represent the behaviour of these 
“real” gases by introducing a correction factor known as the gas 
deviation factor, into the ideal gas law: 
PV = znRT the real gas law 
 The z-factror must be determined empirically,(i.e. by experiment), 
but this has been done for many hydrocarbon gases, and 
correlation charts exist for the approximate determination of the 
z-factor at various conditions of pressure and temperature.
The Perfect Gas Laws 
 Boyle’s Law: For a given weight of gas, at a given temperature, the 
volume varies inversely as the pressure. 
1 
V   PV  
cons tan t 
P 
 Charles’ Law (Gay-Lussac’s Law): For a given weight of gas, at a given 
pressure, the volume varies directly as the absolute temperature. 
V 
   Absolute temperature: 
V T cons tan t 
T 
oR = oF + 460 
oK = oC + 273 
 Avogadro’s Law: Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, 
equal volumes of all perfect gases contain the same number of molecules 
one lb-mole of any perfect gas occupies a volume of 379 standard cu ft (60oF, 14.7 
psia), and one g-mole occupies a volume of 22.4 standard liters (0oC, 1 atm)
Combination of Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law 
(V1 P1 T1) (V P2 T1) 
T1 = constant 
P2 = constant 
(V2 P2 T2) 
Step 1 
Step 2 
Step 1: Boyle’s Law 
Step 2: Charles’ Law 
PV 
1 1 
1 1 2 
2 
PV P V V 
P 
   
V V P T 
2 2 1 
   
V 
T T T 
1 2 2 
PV V T PV P V 
P T T T 
   Eliminating V in both equations: 
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 
2 2 1 2 
Thus, for a given weight of gas, 
P V 
T 
= constant
Combination of Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law 
with Avogadro’s Law 
 Combination of all four laws 
gives, 
PV 
R 
T 
 
wt 
PV nRT or PV RT 
  
MW 
R = a gas constant, that has 
the same value for all gases 
 If n moles of gas, and since n 
is the weight of gas divided by 
the molecular weight 
also known as 
the general gas 
law 
P V T n R 
atm liters oK grams/MW 0.0821 
atm cc oK grams/MW 82.1 
psia cu ft oR Ib/MW 10.73
Density of a Perfect Gas 
Since density is defined as the weight per unit volume, the general gas 
law can be used to calculate densities of gases at various temperatures 
and pressures. 
     
Wt n MW MW P 
V nRT RT 
    
P 
Gas Mixtures 
i 
i 
i 
V 
g 
(Volume%) x100 
V 
 
 
i 
i 
i 
Wt 
(Weight%) x100 
Wt 
 
 
n n 
i i 
(Mole%) x100 mole fraction, y 
   
  
i i 
n n 
i i 
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. (Volume %) = (Mole %)
Non-Perfect Gases 
 Actual gases approach perfect gas behavior at high temperatures and low 
pressures. In a perfect gas the molecules themselves are assumed to be of 
negligible volume (compared to the volume of the gas) and to exert no 
attractive forces on one another. 
At high pressures and low temperatures this is not so since, under these 
conditions, the volume of the molecules themselves is no longer negligible 
and the molecules, being more closely packed, exert appreciable attractive 
forces on one another 
 Van der Waals’ equation is used to describe non-perfect gas behaviors. 
  
       
2 
  
a 
P V b RT 
V 
where: a and b are constants whose values are different for each gas, 
a/v2 accounts for the attractive forces between the molecules, and is added to the 
pressure because the actual pressure would need to be larger to produce the same 
volume than if no attraction existed, and The constant b represents the volume of 
the molecules themselves, and it is subtracted from V since the actual volume of 
space available to the gas is less than the overall volume of the gas. When V is large 
(at low pressure and high temperatures), it is obvious that Van der Waals’ equation 
reduces to the general gas law
Gas Compressibility Factor 
 For an imperfect gas one can write the general gas law in the form 
PVz nRT 
where Z is known as the gas compressibility factor or gas z-factor. 
 Gas z-factor is an empirical factor, determined experimentally, which 
makes the above equation true at a particular temperature and pressure. 
 For a perfect gas, Z is equal to one. For an imperfect gas, Z is greater or 
less than one, depending on the pressure and temperature. 
 The law of corresponding states expressed that all pure gases have the 
same z-factor at the same reduced temperature and pressure. 
P T 
P and T 
  
r r 
P T 
c c 
where Pr = reduced pressure, Tr = reduced temperature, Pc = critical pressure, 
and Tc = critical temperature 
P T 
    pc i ci pc i ci pr pr 
     
P y P and T y T P and T 
P T 
pc pc 
 For an imperfect gas mixture
Gas Formation Volume Factor, Bg 
• Bg is defined as volume in bbl which is being occupied by 1 SCF gas 
when the gas was brought to reservoir conditions or is defined as the 
volume of gas at reservoir conditions which can produce 1 SCF of the 
gas at surface standard conditions. 
reservoir 
PoVo zonRTo 
1 1 1 1 PV z nRT 
• Bg Estimation Method 
Vo, To, Po, 
zo, n 
V1 = 1 SCF 
T1 = 60oF 
P1 = 14.7 psia 
Z1 = 1.0 
n 
surface
Combining equations: 
P V z T 
PV z T 
o o o o 
 
1 1 1 1 
V z T P z T (14.7) z T 
o o o 1 o o o o 
B 0.02826 cuft /SCF 
g 
    
V z T P (1)(460  
60)P P 
1 1 1 o o o 
V 5.62 z T 
o o o 
But1bbl  5.62cuft, B   
0.00504 bbl /SCF 
g 
V P 
1 o
Gas Formation Volume Factor 
[res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF] 
R 
V 
SC 
g 
V 
B  
Volume of an arbitrary amount 
of gas at reservoir T & P 
Volume of SAME amount at 
standard T & P
Gas Formation Volume Factor 
• Gas Formation Volume Factor is the volume in 
barrels (cubic metres) that one standard cubic foot 
(standard cubic metre) of gas will occupy as free 
gas in the reservoir at the prevailing reservoir 
pressure and temperature.
Gas Formation Volume Factor 
Using equation of state PV znRT 
P V P V 
z T z T 
and res res SC SC 
 
res res SC SC 
V P T z 
R SC R R 
g 
  
SC R SC SC 
B 
V P T z 
Z at standard 
conditions = 1.0
Gas Formation Volume Factor (McCain)
Gas Formation Volume Factor 
Reciprocal of Bg often used to reduce risk of 
misplacing decimal point as Bg is less than 0.01 
1 volume at surface 
g 
  
E 
B volume in formation 
E is referred to as ‘Expansion Factor’
Gas Formation Volume Factor 
V 
R 
V 
SC 
Bg  
G a s F o rm a tio n V o lum e F a c to r 
Bg 
P re s su re 
znRT 
P 
VR 
Viscosity Of Gases 
• When fluid flow in the reservoir is considered, it is 
necessary to estimate the viscosity of the fluid, since 
viscosity represents an internal resistance force to flow 
given a pressure drop across the fluid. 
• Unlike liquids, when the temperature and pressure of a 
gas is increased the viscosity increases as the 
molecules move closer together and collide more 
frequently. 
• Viscosity is measured in poise. If a force of one dyne, 
acting on one cm2, maintains a velocity of 1 cm/s over a 
distance of 1 cm, then the fluid viscosity is one poise.
Viscosity Of Gases 
• But for practical purposes, the centipoise (cP) is 
commonly used. 
• The typical range of gas viscosity in the reservoir is 
0.01 – 0.05 cP. 
• By comparison, a typical water viscosity is 0.5 – 1.0 
cP. 
• Lower viscosities imply higher velocity for a given 
pressure drop, meaning that gas in the reservoir 
moves fast relative to oil and water, and is said to have 
a high mobility.
Viscosity (cp) 
Pressure 
100oF 
150oF 
200oF 
T increasing 
200oF 
150oF 
100oF 
Gas Viscosity
Gas Density 
• Density is the most commonly measured property of a 
gas and obtained experimentally by measuring the 
specific gravity of the gas (density of the gas relative to 
air = 1) 
• As pressure increases, so does gas density, but the 
relationship is non-linear since the dimensionless gas 
compressibility (z-factor) also varies with pressure. 
• The gas density (ρg) can be calculated at any pressure 
and temperature using the real gas law: 
ρg = MP/zRT 
Where M is the molecular weight of the gas (Ib/mol or 
kg/kmol)
Relationship between subsurface and surface 
gas volumes 
• The most important use of the real gas law is to calculate 
the volume which a subsurface quantity of gas will 
occupy at surface conditions, since when gas sales 
contracts are negotiated and gas is subsequently sold, is 
referred to in volumes at standard conditions of 
temperature (Tsc) and pressure (Psc). 
• The relationship required is the gas expansion factor (E), 
and is defined for a given quantity (mass or number of 
moles) of gas as; 
E = volume of gas standard conditions scf 
vol. of gas at reservoir conditions rcf
Relationship between subsurface and surface gas volumes 
• It can be shown using the real gas law, and the knowledge that at 
standard conditions z = 1.0, that for a reservoir pressure (P) and 
temperature (T): 
E = 1/z . Tsc / T . P/ Psc vol. / vol. 
 The previous equation is only valid as long as there is no 
compositional change of the gas between the subsurface and the 
surface. The value of E is typically in the order of 200, in other 
words the gas expands by a factor of around 200 from subsurface 
to surface conditions. 
 The actual value of course depends upon both the gas composition 
and the reservoir temperature and pressure. Standard conditions 
of temperature and pressure are commonly defined as 60oF (298K) 
and one atmosphere (14.7 psia or 101.3 KPa), but may vary from 
location to location, and between gas sales contracts.
Relationship between subsurface and 
surface gas volumes 
• In gas reservoir engineering, the gas expansion 
factor, E, is commonly used. But in oil reservoir 
engineering it is often convenient to refer to the gas 
formation volume factor, Bg, which is the reciprocal E, 
and is expressed in units of rb/scf (using field units) 
Hence 
Bg (rb/scf) = 1/ 5.615 E
Gas Formation Volume Factor, Bg 
Bg is plotted as a function of reservoir pressure and temperature at 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, and 
0.90 gas gravities. Other gas gravities, Bg may be obtained by interpolation. 
Bg
Gas Solubility, Rs 
• The gas solubility (Rs) is defined as the number of cubic feet of gas measured 
at standard conditions which are in solution in one barrel of stock tank oil at 
reservoir temperature and pressure, or simply the volume of gas produced at 
the surface divided by the volume of oil in the reservoir where the gas was 
existed. Unit for Rs is SCF/STB or cuft/bbl. 
The gas solubility (Rs): main observations 
• Gas solubility in crude oil increases with the increase of pressure until it 
reaches the saturation pressure (Pb). At pressure above Pb, Rs is constant or 
unchanged. 
• Gas solubility decreases as the temperature increases. 
• At constant pressure and temperature, gas solubility in crude oil will 
decrease with the decrease of specific gravity of gas. 
• At constant pressure and temperature, Gas solubility in crude oil will 
increase with the increase of oAPI gravity of the crude oil. 
• Gas solubility is dependent on the type of gas liberation processes. Flash 
liberation process produces much bigger gas solubility as compared to 
differential liberation one.
Gas Solubility, Rs: Important observations 
gas solubility for saturated crude oil gas solubility for under-saturated crude oil 
Gas liberation processes effects on 
gas solubility
Gas Solubility, Rs: Estimation Methods 
60o F/ 60o F o 
141.5 
S.G. 
API 131.5 
 
 
• gas solubility correlation as function of pressure and oAPI

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Behavior of Gases

  • 1. BEHAVIOR OF GASES Gas Properties
  • 2. Definition of a gas  A gas is a homogeneous fluid, generally of low density and low viscosity.  Gas has no definite volume but assumed the volume of any vessel which it is placed.  Specific laws that express the behavior of gases at various temperature and pressure are very important in petroleum technology.  The gases are divided into ideal (perfect) gas and real ( non-ideal) gas. The properties of hydrocarbon gases are relatively simple since the parameters of pressure, Volume and temperature (PVT) can be related by a single equation. The basics for this equation an adaptation of a combination of the classical laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro. In the equation of state for an ideal gas, that is a gas in which the volume of the gas molecules is insignificant, attractive and repulsive forces between molecules are ignored, and maintain their energy when they collide with each other.
  • 3. Behaviour of hydrocarbon gases • PV =nRT the ideal gas law Where field units SI units P = absolute pressure psia bara V = volume cu.ft. m3 n = number of moles of gas - - T = absolute temperature o Rankine o Rankine R = universal gas constant psia. Cu.ft. KJ/kmol.K  The above equation is valid at low pressure where the assumptions hold.  However, at typical reservoir temperatures and pressures, the assumptions are no longer valid, and the behaviour of hydrocarbon reservoir gases deviate from the ideal gas law.
  • 4. Behaviour of hydrocarbon gases  In practice, it’s convenient to represent the behaviour of these “real” gases by introducing a correction factor known as the gas deviation factor, into the ideal gas law: PV = znRT the real gas law  The z-factror must be determined empirically,(i.e. by experiment), but this has been done for many hydrocarbon gases, and correlation charts exist for the approximate determination of the z-factor at various conditions of pressure and temperature.
  • 5. The Perfect Gas Laws  Boyle’s Law: For a given weight of gas, at a given temperature, the volume varies inversely as the pressure. 1 V   PV  cons tan t P  Charles’ Law (Gay-Lussac’s Law): For a given weight of gas, at a given pressure, the volume varies directly as the absolute temperature. V    Absolute temperature: V T cons tan t T oR = oF + 460 oK = oC + 273  Avogadro’s Law: Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all perfect gases contain the same number of molecules one lb-mole of any perfect gas occupies a volume of 379 standard cu ft (60oF, 14.7 psia), and one g-mole occupies a volume of 22.4 standard liters (0oC, 1 atm)
  • 6. Combination of Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law (V1 P1 T1) (V P2 T1) T1 = constant P2 = constant (V2 P2 T2) Step 1 Step 2 Step 1: Boyle’s Law Step 2: Charles’ Law PV 1 1 1 1 2 2 PV P V V P    V V P T 2 2 1    V T T T 1 2 2 PV V T PV P V P T T T    Eliminating V in both equations: 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 Thus, for a given weight of gas, P V T = constant
  • 7. Combination of Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law with Avogadro’s Law  Combination of all four laws gives, PV R T  wt PV nRT or PV RT   MW R = a gas constant, that has the same value for all gases  If n moles of gas, and since n is the weight of gas divided by the molecular weight also known as the general gas law P V T n R atm liters oK grams/MW 0.0821 atm cc oK grams/MW 82.1 psia cu ft oR Ib/MW 10.73
  • 8. Density of a Perfect Gas Since density is defined as the weight per unit volume, the general gas law can be used to calculate densities of gases at various temperatures and pressures.      Wt n MW MW P V nRT RT     P Gas Mixtures i i i V g (Volume%) x100 V   i i i Wt (Weight%) x100 Wt   n n i i (Mole%) x100 mole fraction, y      i i n n i i 1. 2. 3. 4. (Volume %) = (Mole %)
  • 9. Non-Perfect Gases  Actual gases approach perfect gas behavior at high temperatures and low pressures. In a perfect gas the molecules themselves are assumed to be of negligible volume (compared to the volume of the gas) and to exert no attractive forces on one another. At high pressures and low temperatures this is not so since, under these conditions, the volume of the molecules themselves is no longer negligible and the molecules, being more closely packed, exert appreciable attractive forces on one another  Van der Waals’ equation is used to describe non-perfect gas behaviors.          2   a P V b RT V where: a and b are constants whose values are different for each gas, a/v2 accounts for the attractive forces between the molecules, and is added to the pressure because the actual pressure would need to be larger to produce the same volume than if no attraction existed, and The constant b represents the volume of the molecules themselves, and it is subtracted from V since the actual volume of space available to the gas is less than the overall volume of the gas. When V is large (at low pressure and high temperatures), it is obvious that Van der Waals’ equation reduces to the general gas law
  • 10. Gas Compressibility Factor  For an imperfect gas one can write the general gas law in the form PVz nRT where Z is known as the gas compressibility factor or gas z-factor.  Gas z-factor is an empirical factor, determined experimentally, which makes the above equation true at a particular temperature and pressure.  For a perfect gas, Z is equal to one. For an imperfect gas, Z is greater or less than one, depending on the pressure and temperature.  The law of corresponding states expressed that all pure gases have the same z-factor at the same reduced temperature and pressure. P T P and T   r r P T c c where Pr = reduced pressure, Tr = reduced temperature, Pc = critical pressure, and Tc = critical temperature P T     pc i ci pc i ci pr pr      P y P and T y T P and T P T pc pc  For an imperfect gas mixture
  • 11. Gas Formation Volume Factor, Bg • Bg is defined as volume in bbl which is being occupied by 1 SCF gas when the gas was brought to reservoir conditions or is defined as the volume of gas at reservoir conditions which can produce 1 SCF of the gas at surface standard conditions. reservoir PoVo zonRTo 1 1 1 1 PV z nRT • Bg Estimation Method Vo, To, Po, zo, n V1 = 1 SCF T1 = 60oF P1 = 14.7 psia Z1 = 1.0 n surface
  • 12. Combining equations: P V z T PV z T o o o o  1 1 1 1 V z T P z T (14.7) z T o o o 1 o o o o B 0.02826 cuft /SCF g     V z T P (1)(460  60)P P 1 1 1 o o o V 5.62 z T o o o But1bbl  5.62cuft, B   0.00504 bbl /SCF g V P 1 o
  • 13. Gas Formation Volume Factor [res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF] R V SC g V B  Volume of an arbitrary amount of gas at reservoir T & P Volume of SAME amount at standard T & P
  • 14. Gas Formation Volume Factor • Gas Formation Volume Factor is the volume in barrels (cubic metres) that one standard cubic foot (standard cubic metre) of gas will occupy as free gas in the reservoir at the prevailing reservoir pressure and temperature.
  • 15. Gas Formation Volume Factor Using equation of state PV znRT P V P V z T z T and res res SC SC  res res SC SC V P T z R SC R R g   SC R SC SC B V P T z Z at standard conditions = 1.0
  • 16. Gas Formation Volume Factor (McCain)
  • 17. Gas Formation Volume Factor Reciprocal of Bg often used to reduce risk of misplacing decimal point as Bg is less than 0.01 1 volume at surface g   E B volume in formation E is referred to as ‘Expansion Factor’
  • 18. Gas Formation Volume Factor V R V SC Bg  G a s F o rm a tio n V o lum e F a c to r Bg P re s su re znRT P VR 
  • 19. Viscosity Of Gases • When fluid flow in the reservoir is considered, it is necessary to estimate the viscosity of the fluid, since viscosity represents an internal resistance force to flow given a pressure drop across the fluid. • Unlike liquids, when the temperature and pressure of a gas is increased the viscosity increases as the molecules move closer together and collide more frequently. • Viscosity is measured in poise. If a force of one dyne, acting on one cm2, maintains a velocity of 1 cm/s over a distance of 1 cm, then the fluid viscosity is one poise.
  • 20. Viscosity Of Gases • But for practical purposes, the centipoise (cP) is commonly used. • The typical range of gas viscosity in the reservoir is 0.01 – 0.05 cP. • By comparison, a typical water viscosity is 0.5 – 1.0 cP. • Lower viscosities imply higher velocity for a given pressure drop, meaning that gas in the reservoir moves fast relative to oil and water, and is said to have a high mobility.
  • 21. Viscosity (cp) Pressure 100oF 150oF 200oF T increasing 200oF 150oF 100oF Gas Viscosity
  • 22. Gas Density • Density is the most commonly measured property of a gas and obtained experimentally by measuring the specific gravity of the gas (density of the gas relative to air = 1) • As pressure increases, so does gas density, but the relationship is non-linear since the dimensionless gas compressibility (z-factor) also varies with pressure. • The gas density (ρg) can be calculated at any pressure and temperature using the real gas law: ρg = MP/zRT Where M is the molecular weight of the gas (Ib/mol or kg/kmol)
  • 23. Relationship between subsurface and surface gas volumes • The most important use of the real gas law is to calculate the volume which a subsurface quantity of gas will occupy at surface conditions, since when gas sales contracts are negotiated and gas is subsequently sold, is referred to in volumes at standard conditions of temperature (Tsc) and pressure (Psc). • The relationship required is the gas expansion factor (E), and is defined for a given quantity (mass or number of moles) of gas as; E = volume of gas standard conditions scf vol. of gas at reservoir conditions rcf
  • 24. Relationship between subsurface and surface gas volumes • It can be shown using the real gas law, and the knowledge that at standard conditions z = 1.0, that for a reservoir pressure (P) and temperature (T): E = 1/z . Tsc / T . P/ Psc vol. / vol.  The previous equation is only valid as long as there is no compositional change of the gas between the subsurface and the surface. The value of E is typically in the order of 200, in other words the gas expands by a factor of around 200 from subsurface to surface conditions.  The actual value of course depends upon both the gas composition and the reservoir temperature and pressure. Standard conditions of temperature and pressure are commonly defined as 60oF (298K) and one atmosphere (14.7 psia or 101.3 KPa), but may vary from location to location, and between gas sales contracts.
  • 25. Relationship between subsurface and surface gas volumes • In gas reservoir engineering, the gas expansion factor, E, is commonly used. But in oil reservoir engineering it is often convenient to refer to the gas formation volume factor, Bg, which is the reciprocal E, and is expressed in units of rb/scf (using field units) Hence Bg (rb/scf) = 1/ 5.615 E
  • 26. Gas Formation Volume Factor, Bg Bg is plotted as a function of reservoir pressure and temperature at 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, and 0.90 gas gravities. Other gas gravities, Bg may be obtained by interpolation. Bg
  • 27. Gas Solubility, Rs • The gas solubility (Rs) is defined as the number of cubic feet of gas measured at standard conditions which are in solution in one barrel of stock tank oil at reservoir temperature and pressure, or simply the volume of gas produced at the surface divided by the volume of oil in the reservoir where the gas was existed. Unit for Rs is SCF/STB or cuft/bbl. The gas solubility (Rs): main observations • Gas solubility in crude oil increases with the increase of pressure until it reaches the saturation pressure (Pb). At pressure above Pb, Rs is constant or unchanged. • Gas solubility decreases as the temperature increases. • At constant pressure and temperature, gas solubility in crude oil will decrease with the decrease of specific gravity of gas. • At constant pressure and temperature, Gas solubility in crude oil will increase with the increase of oAPI gravity of the crude oil. • Gas solubility is dependent on the type of gas liberation processes. Flash liberation process produces much bigger gas solubility as compared to differential liberation one.
  • 28. Gas Solubility, Rs: Important observations gas solubility for saturated crude oil gas solubility for under-saturated crude oil Gas liberation processes effects on gas solubility
  • 29. Gas Solubility, Rs: Estimation Methods 60o F/ 60o F o 141.5 S.G. API 131.5   • gas solubility correlation as function of pressure and oAPI

Hinweis der Redaktion

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