Sugar beet cultivation under center pivot irrigation system.

Sugar Beet Cultivation Under
Center Pivot Irrigation System
By: Mohamed Rady
Supervisor of agro service, Egypt.
Agro Service, Egypt 112/4/2014

What is the center pivot irrigation system?
• It is a method of crop irrigation, in which
equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are
watered with sprinklers.
• A circular area centered on the pivot is irrigated,
often creating a circular pattern in crops when
viewed from above.
• Center-pivot irrigation was invented in 1948 by
farmer Frank Zybach, who lived in Strasburg,
Colorado. It was recognized as a method to
improve water distribution to fields.
12/4/2014 Agro Service, Egypt 2

Pivot point
• Made of galvanized steel sections in a hot
immersion way, in order to resist the stress.
And interconnected with horizontal struts.
• The main pipe has an anti waterproofing to
protect the main cable.
• The base of the pivot is fixed on a concrete
base pillars.
• Axial rotation pipe ends with a neck which
is resistant to corrosion and spin smoothly.
• The operation panel is installed on the base
of the pivot and it is complete closure.

The operation panel
• On or off button.
• Choose the direction of movement
forward clockwise or back counter-
clockwise.
• Choose the speed.
• Self-stop pump.
• Control on injection of fertilizers.

Collector ring
It is tightly isolated against water and fixed on the highest point of the center.
It is composed of sliding rings which are working to deliver electricity to the
control boxes in the towers.

Towers
The main pipes are galvanized with 6 or 8 inch diameter.
A rubber gasket is used between pipes, handled against weathering and fertilizers.

Tower legs
Consisting of a pipe with
fixed iron angels and
incidental corners used as a
ladder to work on it.

Gear motor
It is tightly isolated against
water

Gearbox
The box has two outlets
right and left.
The transmission column
is made from high quality
galvanized steel.

Wheels
It is made from rubber
processed against chemical
and fertilizers, and
withstands weights of the
metal structure when it is
fully loaded with water.

Nozzles

Shapes of some nozzles

Irrigation sprinkler components
Nelson components

Pressure regulator
The benefit of the pressure regulator is to keep constant pressure outside while dealing with varying
pressure entry to ensure getting the optimum pressure.
It is also used with long pivots or on sloping land to ensure having equal amounts from each nozzle.

NelsonI Wob.

Pivot calibration
Standard flasks are placed between
each two nozzles in strait line along
the pivot.
The calibration is done at speed 100.

Tower
Flask No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
water mm 350 350 350 340 320 310 310 360 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 400 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 400 420
Tower
Flask No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
water mm 375 375 375 375 400 400 400 320 350 375 375 375 360 360 375 369
=
=
20 26.1
50 10.5
40 13.1
30 17.4
80 6.5
70 7.5
60 8.7
100 5.2
m3
/ fed 21.9 90 5.8
mm
1 2 3 4
5 end
AVR
at speed 100
Liter / m2
(mm/fed) 5.2 Speed
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 end
mm
Towers
• The data are put in an excel table with some equations to
calculate the amount of irrigation water per feddan.
• Figure also shows water distribution in each tower.

Some measurements used in center pivot
• GPM: Gallons per minute = (0.0046 m3/min).
• Pressure : (PSI): Pound per square inch = (0.0689 bar).
• 1 bar = 15 psi.
• Distance: Foot = (30.48 cm).
• Inch = (2.54 cm).
• Speed = 2-3 m/min. (at speed 100).

Some types of center pivots

Locations planting sugar beet crop under pivot irrigation system in Egypt
Wadi El Natrun
Marine Oasis
El Minya
Sainai
Salhiah

Cultivation processes from soil preparation to harvest
Water
column
Soil
ploughing
Spreading
fertilizers
Leveling
Sowing
Weed
control
First
irrigation

Water column
• The first process is applying
200-300 m3/ feddan, to insure
that we have a good column of
water “at least 50-70 cm under
soil surface”.
• This column makes the soil
preparation processes easy.
• Also, it makes weeds growing
up, so we can treat it before
cultivation.

Soil ploughing
• Deep ploughing is very
necessary to sugar beet.
• It makes a good drainage for
the soil.
• The depth of ploughing should
be at 50-90 cm at least.
• The depth depends on soil
texture.

Disc harrow
• Disc harrow is used if the
pervious crop was corn,
because dry stems hinder seed
distribution from planter.

Mounted reversible ploughs
• The ploughing direction must
be the same direction of
cultivation.
• The ploughing depth should be
30-50 cm.

Spreading solid fertilizers
• A spreader can be used to
spread solid fertilizers like:
superphosphate and
ammonium sulphate.

Soil leveling
• It is very important to have a
good soil bed for cultivation.
• Good leveling = good
germination.

Sowing
• Using planter 6,12,18 or 24
rows.
• The distance between rows is
45 cm.
• It is easy to adjust the distance
between seeds in the same row,
also the depth of seeds.
• The depth of seeds depends on
soil texture and sowing date.

6 rows
18 rows
12 rows

Following up the distribution of seeds.

Sowing distances and plant density
Seeds/feddan Sowing distance
66.666 14cm
62.222 15cm
58.333 16cm
54.901 17cm
51.851 18cm
Calculation formula
4200/(0.45*0.14) = 66.666

First irrigation
• The soil must be saturated
with water.
• Always we use low speed (70-
50) of pivot.
• After completely germination,
the irrigation should be slight
with high speed of pivot
(100-80).

Irrigation schedule
• We can make a
guideline schedule
for irrigation from
meteorological data
and Kc crop.
Month
Age(week) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
ET 0 (mm) 25 25 25 25 25 22 23 22 22 22 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 25 26 28 29 29 27 27 29 29
Kc 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8
Kb 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Ki 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
ET C (mm) 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 14 16 18 19 21 22 24 25 25 25 25 27 27 27 28 29 30 30 28 26 24 22 21 21 651
Eto Kc Kb Ki irrigation efficiency factorenvironmental factor‫البخر‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫المحصول‬ ‫ثابت‬
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
∑
11 11 11 11 11 12 12
14
16
18
19
21
22
24
25 25 25 25
27 27 27
28
29
30 30
28
26
24
22
21 21
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
week
ETC (mm)

Important notes on sugar beet irrigation
• Irrigate regularly at high speeds (100-80) for a period ( 2-3 weeks),
until the beets have (4-6) real leaves.
• Thirsty period: it is a very critical period in the beets life, begins at
age 30 days and ends at 60 days. The target is pushing beets to make
a conical roots.
• Don`t irrigate when the weather becomes hot.

Weed control
• Using recommended
herbicides.
• Spraying at rate 150
liter water per feddan.

Comparison between herbicides
Comparison Goltix 70% SC
Goltix plus
50% SC
Tegro 27.4% EC
Betanal maxxpro 20%
OD
Cross 41%WG
Metamitron 70% 15% - - 28%
Ethofumesate - 35% 11.2% 7.23% 6.5%
Desmediphame - - 7.1% 4.48%
Phenmedipham - - 9.1% 5.73% 6.5%
Lenacil - - - 2.56%
Density 1.2 g/cm3 1.14 g/cm3 1.08 g/cm3
pH 6.3 – 6.7 2- 4
PHI 120 days 120 days 60 days 90 days 70 days
Dose 2 Liter / fed 1.5 Liter/ fed 1 Liter / fed 500 cm3 / fed 2.5 kg / fed
Application Pre- emergence Post- emergence Post- emergence Post- emergence Post- emergence

Solid fertilization program
No.
Applying
method
Age
(days)
Urea
Ammonium
sulphate
Ammonium
Nitrate
super
phosphate
K2SO4Mg SO4Mn So4Zn SO4
Phosphoric
acid
Boric acid
Total Units
NPKMgS
KgKgKgKgKgKgKgKgLiterKg
1Spreader-5020010.330.0
2Spreader202538.41.9
7Spreader5525710311.51.93.51.82.6
8Spreader62257511.53.23.51.3
9Sprayer650.50.511
10Injection69257108.43.51.82.6
11Injection762578.43.51.3
12Injection83257108.43.51.82.6
13Sprayer850.50.511
14Injection90258.4
15Injection9725108.41.81.3
Total (Kg / Fed)50502502003540112521174518712

No.Application
Age
(days)
18 - 44 - 040 - 5 - 0
Ammonium
Nitrate
Mg SO4Beta BGreat19-19-19Humic acid
Total units
NPMgCaS
KgKgKgKgLiterLiterKgLiter
1Injection5101.84.0
2Injection10101.84.4
5Injection25152511.06.6
5Spreader30258.3
6Spreader35258.3
7Spreader40258.3
9Injection501512.56.00.82.31.6
11Injection601512.56.00.82.31.6
12Injection65150.51.5106.00.80.04
14Injection75150.5106.00.8
16Injection85150.51.5106.00.80.04
17Injection90150.56.00.8
Total / feddan601951002511330121.835.84.50.083.3
Liquid fertilization program

Hoeing
• At age 30-40 days or as foliage
size.

Spraying micro nutrients
• The first dose at age 60-70
days.
• The second dose at age 90 days.
• Some copper products can be
applied to beets to prevent
cercospora infection.

Applying boron
• The important nutrient for
sugar beet is (Boron).
• The first dose at age 60-70
days.
• The second dose before the
harvest within 30 days, to
push the saccharides
transmission from the
leaves to the roots.
• Black heart • Hollow heart

Harvest
• Harvest starts from 180 -210
days.
• There are two types of harvest
machines, self propelled and
dragged machines.

Self propelled
• Machine with 6 rows.
• Tall: 10-14m.
• Tank size: 20-30 tons.

Mechanism of self propelled machine

Dragged machines
• Mower with cutters.
• Machine with 6 rows.
• Tall: 6m.
• Tank size: 3 tons.

Mechanism of self dragged machine

Storing and loading
• Beets are stored on flat land free
of gravels and stones.
• The loading is by rams, and it is
considered one of the best
common ways.
• Also, beets can be loaded by
special machine.

Loading by rams

Loading by specific machine

Root yield and sugar content matrix
1. E type (Ertrage): High yield and low sugar content “Heavy type”.
2. NE type: Between N type and E type.
3. N type (Normal): Intermediate in root yield and sugar content.
4. NZ type: Between N type and Z type.
5. Z type: Low yield and high sugar content “Sweet type”.

Strube trials 2013-2014
18.67
17.33
15.17
13.67
12.67 13.00
13.67
15.33
12.00
17.00
15.67
13.67
16.33
26
25
24
24
22
19
19
20
15
24
21
16
21
32.00
26.67
25.33
26.10
24.33
21.77 21.33 21.67
18.00
25.33
23.00 23.00
29.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
Elmo BERING CHARLY AMALDI BARNA TESLA KOSMAS FERNANDO TILMAN KUNDERA SANDOR ESTEBAN GENIO
Variety
Fresh roots weight (ton/fed)
130 Days
160 Days
190 days

82
79
81
83 83
79
81
80
79
78
79
77
79
88
85
88 88
86 86
83
87
83
89
85
83
87
90
89
88
89
88 88
88
91
84
91
88 88
90
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
90.00
95.00
Elmo BERING CHARLY AMALDI BARNA TESLA KOSMAS FERNANDO TILMAN KUNDERA SANDOR ESTEBAN GENIO Variety
Quality %
130 days
160 Days
190 Days

15.6
14.9 14.8
16.1
16.8
15.2 15.0 14.7 14.7 14.5 14.8
14.1
15.3
18.8
18.0
18.8
19.3 19.5
20.7
21.6 21.9
18.8
19.9 20.1
19.0
19.8
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Elmo BERING CHARLY AMALDI BARNA TESLA KOSMAS FERNANDO TILMAN KUNDERA SANDOR ESTEBAN GENIO
Suagr %
130 days
160 Days
190 Days

Thanks

Sugar beet cultivation under center pivot irrigation system.

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (15)

Ähnlich wie Sugar beet cultivation under center pivot irrigation system.

Ähnlich wie Sugar beet cultivation under center pivot irrigation system. (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Sugar beet cultivation under center pivot irrigation system.