Technological innovations in the field of disease prevention and maintenance of patient health have enabled the evolution of fields such as monitoring systems. Heart rate is a very vital health parameter that is directly related to the soundness of the human cardiovascular system. Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute, reflects different physiological conditions such as biological workload, stress at work and concentration on tasks, drowsiness and the active state of the autonomic nervous system. It can be measured either by the ECG waveform or by sensing the pulse - the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery as blood is forced through it by the regular contractions of the heart. The pulse can be felt from those areas where the artery is close to the skin. This paper describes a technique of measuring the heart rate through a fingertip and Arduino. It is based on the principal of photophelthysmography (PPG) which is non-invasive method of measuring the variation in blood volume in tissue using a light source and detector. While the heart is beating, it is actually pumping blood throughout the body, and that makes the blood volume inside the finger artery to change too. This fluctuation of blood can be detected through an optical sensing mechanism placed around the fingertip. The signal can be amplified and is sent to Arduino with the help of serial port communication. With the help of processing software heart rate monitoring and counting is performed. The sensor unit consists of an infrared light-emitting-diode (IR LED) and a photo diode. The IR LED transmits an infrared light into the fingertip, a part of which is reflected back from the blood inside the finger arteries. The photo diode senses the portion of the light that is reflected back. The intensity of reflected light depends upon the blood volume inside the fingertip. So, every time the heart beats the amount of reflected infrared light changes, which can be detected by the photo diode. With a high gain amplifier, this little alteration in the amplitude of the reflected light can be converted into a pulse.

1. ARDUINO BASED HEART BEAT MONITORING SYSTEM
ASSIGNMENT TO
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
THE DEGREE OF
M-TECH ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY;
MOHAMMAD HANNAN (21304014)
FAIZAN SHAFI DARZI (21304012)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF. DR. P SAMUNDISWARI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECCTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINNERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

2. CONTENTS
S. NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.
1 OBJECTIVE 3
2 PROJECT SCOPE 3
3 EMBEDDED SYSTEM 4-6
4 ARDUINO 7-8
5 HEART BEAT SENSOR 9
6 APPLICATIONS OF HEART BEAT SENSOR 9
7 SCHEMATIC DESIGN 10
8 ARDUINO PROGRAMMING CODE 11-13
9 CONCLUSION 14
10 REFERENCES 14
11 SOFTWARE USED 14
2 | P a g e

3. OBJECTIVE
The goal of this project is to design low-cost device which measures the heart rate
of the subject by clipping sensors on wrist and then displaying the result .
Miniaturized heart rates monitor system based on arduino. The project explains
how a single chip microcontroller can be used to analyze heart beat rate signals in
realtime. The Hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size.
PROJECT SCOPE
The scopes in this project include the hardware and software parts. For the
hardware part, ECG circuits have been designed in order to interpret data from
ECG simulator, which act as a patient. Then, a temperature sensor was developed
to measure the temperature of human being. Both systems are controlled by
Arduino Nano board & need some programming works. For the software part As
and Arduino IDE software have been used.
3 | P a g e

4. EMBEDDED SYSTEM
As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is attached to another
thing. An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system
having software embedded in it. An embedded system can be an independent
system or it can be a part of a large system. An embedded system is a
microcontroller or microprocessor-based system which is designed to perform a
specific task. For example, a fire alarm is an embedded system, which can sense
smoke.
An embedded system has three components -
• It has hardware.
• It has application software.
• It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the application
software and provide mechanism to let the processor run a process as per
scheduling by following a plan to control the latencies. RTOS defines the
way the system works. It sets the rules during the execution of application
program. A small-scale embedded system may not have RTOS.
So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software
driven, and reliable, real-time control system.
Characteristics of an Embedded System
• Single-functioned - an embedded system usually performs a specialized
operation and does the same repeatedly. For example: A pager always
functions as a pager.
• Tightly constrained - All computing systems have constraints on design
metrics, but those on an embedded system can be especially tight. Design
metrics is a measure of an implementation's features such as its cost, size,
power, and performance. It must be of a size to fit on a single chip, must
perform fast enough to process data in real time and consume minimum
power to extend battery life.
• Reactive and Real time - Many embedded systems must continually react
to changes in the system's environment and must compute certain results
in real time without any delay. Consider an example of a car cruise
4 | P a g e

5. controller it continually monitors and reacts to speed and brake sensors. It
must compute acceleration or de-accelerations repeatedly within a limited
time; a delayed computation can result in failure to control of the car.
• Microprocessors based - It must be microprocessor or microcontroller
based.
• Memory - It must have a memory, as its software usually embeds in ROM.
It does not need any secondary memories in the computer.
• Connected - It must have connected peripherals to connect input and
output devices.
• Hardware & Software systems – Software is used for more features and
flexibility. Hardware is used for performance and security.
Advantages
1- Easily Customizable
2- Low power consumption
3- it has better steady and higher speed
4- Versatile because of little size
5 | P a g e

6. Disadvantages
1 - High development effort
2- Hard to keep up
3- Hard to take a backup of implanted documents
4- Investigating is harder
5- Restricted assets for memory
6 | P a g e

7. WHY ARDUINO
The Arduino Uno is one of the most common Arduino boards available, and it has
some user-friendly features, including large 2.54mm pitched sockets for
connecting to external devices, an onboard LED, inbuilt power handling (such as
an external DC power jack), and a large USB connector for connecting to a PC.
ARDUINO
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware
and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger
on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor,
turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do
by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you
use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino
Software (IDE), based on Processing.
7 | P a g e

8. Some pins have specialized function
Serial / UART: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL serial chip.
External interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
PWM (pulse-width modulation): pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Can provide 8-bit
PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), and 13 (SCK).
These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
TWI (two-wire interface) / I2C: pin SDA (A4) and pin SCL (A5). Support TWI
communication using the Wire library.
AREF (analog reference): Reference voltage for the analog inputs.
8 | P a g e

9. HEART BEAT SENSOR
Heartbeat Sensor is an electronic device that is used to measure the heart rate i.e.
speed of the heartbeat. ... In order to measure the body temperature, we use
thermometers and a sphygmomanometer to monitor the Arterial Pressure or
Blood Pressure.ATmega8 microcontroller, ATmega16 microcontroller, ATmega32
microcontroller and ATmega328 microcontroller.
APPLICATIONS
Have become a widely used training aid for a variety of sports.
• Hospitals / Dispensaries
• Better and accurate method of measuring heartbeat.
• At homes
• A set point can help in determining whether a person is healthy or not
checking his/her heart beat and comparing with set point.
9 | P a g e

10. SCHEMATIC DESIGN
CODE
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <TimerOne.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
10 | P a g e

11. int HBSensor = 4; int HBCount = 0; int HBCheck = 0; int TimeinSec = 0; int HBperMin = 0; int
HBStart = 2; int HBStartCheck = 0; void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once: lcd.begin(20, 4); pinMode(HBSensor, INPUT);
pinMode(HBStart, INPUT_PULLUP);
Timer1.initialize(800000);
Timer1.attachInterrupt( timerIsr ); lcd.clear(); lcd.setCursor(0,0); lcd.print("Current HB : ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Time in Sec : "); lcd.setCursor(0,2); lcd.print("HB per Min : 0.0");
}
void loop() {
11 | P a g e

12. if(digitalRead(HBStart) == LOW){lcd.setCursor(0,3);lcd.print("HB Counting ..");HBStartCheck
= 1;}
if(HBStartCheck == 1)
{
if((digitalRead(HBSensor) == HIGH) && (HBCheck == 0))
{
HBCount = HBCount + 1;
HBCheck = 1; lcd.setCursor(14,0); lcd.print(HBCount); lcd.print(" ");
}
if((digitalRead(HBSensor) == LOW) && (HBCheck == 1))
{
HBCheck = 0;
}
if(TimeinSec == 10)
{
HBperMin = HBCount * 6;
HBStartCheck = 0; lcd.setCursor(14,2); lcd.print(HBperMin); lcd.print(" ");
12 | P a g e

13. lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("Press Button again.”);
HBCount = 0;
TimeinSec = 0;
}
}
}
void timerIsr()
{
if(HBStartCheck == 1)
{
TimeinSec = TimeinSec + 1;
lcd.setCursor(14,1);
lcd.print(TimeinSec); lcd.print("
");
}
}
13 | P a g e

14. CONCLUSION
• In the above mentioned system we have proposed a health monitoring
system which is Arduino based.
• User friendly and bridges gap between doctor and patients.
• The system is simple, Power efficient.
• Practical application of the system is superfine in rural areas as there
would be no need for the patients to get their continuous follow-up
REFERENCES
• www.arduino.cc
• https://circuitd igest.com
• https://en.wikipedia.org/
SOFTWARES USED
• PROTEUS 8.9 (Virtual Design and Real
Simulation)
• ARDUINO IDE - to code the Arduino circuit board
14 | P a g e