CDE themed comp -syn-bio part 2

Synthetic Biology
Functional transparent materials for sensor protection
OFFICIAL© Crown copyright 2016 Dstl
09 December 2016

Uses of transparent ballistic materials
Examples of candidate transparent materials
The problem space
• glint/glare
• laser dazzle
How can synthetic biology help?
09 December 2016
Optical performance of transparent armour

09 December 2016
SNATCH
3.6 Tonnes
Challenger 2
~65 Tonnes
SALOON
1-3 Tonnes
TELEPHONE CMOS
SENSOR ~170 grams
AJAX
38 Tonnes
MISSILE SEEKER
HEAD ~ 90 kg
Many uses

Candidate transparent materials
09 December 2016

09 December 2016
• for example glass fibre matt in polyacrylate resin
+ cheap
+ good ballistic performance
- refractive index/dispersion match
- thickness vs transparency
- cure/polymerisation anisotropy
Image of PDLC liquid lens
© Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 164109 (2009)
Image © cladco.co.uk
Composites

09 December 2016
+ high performance transparent armour
+ high transparency
− scattering centres
− weight
− expensive Image sourced from Wikipedia Image © ceramtec.com
Ceramics
For example sapphire (Al2O3), magnesium aluminate spinel,
aluminium oxy nitride

09 December 2016
Image © Malvern Optical Ltd.Image © pixoto.com.
• glint/glare
• signature high spot
• significant detection cue
• multiple wavebands
• negative and positive contrast
Image © QinetiQ. Image © SPIE.
The problem space

09 December 2016
+ layered stepped index coating
+ cheap
− narrow bandwidth/angle of operation
− large area control of thickness/index
− large scale cost
Image sourced from Wikipedia
Image © Malvern Optical Ltd.
Anti-reflection coatings

09 December 2016
+ better frequency response
+ improved operation angle
− feature size/registration
− structural integrity
− thickness limitation
Deubel, M et al. Nature Mat, 3, 444, (2004)
© Integrated Publishing Inc..
Graded refractive index

09 December 2016
+ biomimetic
+ large bandwidth/angle of operation
− feature size
− complexity
− cost
© El_Seed Corp.
© Wired.com.
Moth-eye structures

09 December 2016
© Crown copyright
• increasing problem
• multiple wavebands
• threat to equipment and personnel © SPIE
© Iridian-optical-filters.com
The problem space – laser dazzle

09 December 2016
Electro-optic protection measures
metal / carbon nanoparticlescopper phthalocyanine
colour change photonic crystal image © Bristol University reverse photochromic pigments image © Huddersfield University
• non-linear scattering
• photonic crystals • self-adaptive pigments
• reverse saturable absorption

How can synthetic biology help?
Optical performance of transparent armour
• cheaper/more environmentally friendly routes to existing materials –
cost, weight, strength
• novel functional transparent materials
 self assembly
 self-healing
 reactive – for example to specific wavelengths
 multi-functionality
• signature management
 reduced visible/thermal signatures from novel transmissive (and reflective)
solutions
09 December 2016

Transparent materials challenges
Adhesives and interlayer materials
All images ©2013 Transparent Armor Solutions
12/9/2016
Crown copyright 2016 Dstl OFFICIAL

Why bond with adhesives?
• enables production of laminated products that are strong and
lightweight
• advantages of ply lamination include safety and security
12/9/2016
Crown copyright 2016 Dstl
OFFICIAL

Why use an interlayer?
Provides three beneficial properties to laminated glass and other
panes:
• distribute impact forces across a greater area
• binds the resulting shards if the pane is ultimately broken
• viscoelastic interlayer undergoes plastic deformation - absorbing
energy and reducing penetration by the impacting object
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

Military uses
Transparent armour and bullet resistant systems
Bullet resistant glass
© Eco-Jetcut. All rights reserved.
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

Problem
• degradation of transparency - including
water ingress and delamination
• failure of the glazing framework
Edge delamination in vehicle windscreen
Diagram of edge delamination in window frame
Images source: https://www.cpni.gov.uk/.../2013037-delamination_laminated_glass.pdf
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

Why does this matter?
• degrades equipment performance and availability
• degradation of transparency affects visibility
• useful service life that is controlled by the surface degradation (for
example scratches) and removal of the transparency for optical
reasons
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

Why does this matter?
• material defects such as edge delamination will reduce bonding
and reduce the blast-resistance of the laminated glass
• equally applies to all constructs/systems
• cost of replacements and installation
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

Common delamination problems
Excessive moisture
• polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is hygroscopic and absorbs moisture
• PVB will yellow and hence reduce optical clarity
• delamination occurs
Compatibility
• incorrect materials/ products used in sealing the framework
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

Common delamination problems
Mismatching of glass/poor processing
• stresses applied to the interlayer, particularly at the edges
Quality of installation
• exposure to surface cleaners and primers can cause the adhesive layer to
deteriorate
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

Requirements for transparent interlayer materials
• adequate optical transparency
• compatible with transparent materials
• adhesion to many surfaces
• strong bonding, toughness
• adequate flexibility
• stop cracks propagating
• the system must also perform adequately
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

Current transparent interlayer materials
Interlayer materials
• tough and ductile, so brittle cracks will
not pass from one side of the laminate
to the other
• film/gap thicknesses typically 0.381 to
1.27 mm
PVB
• (C8H14O2)n
• poly[(2-propyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-
diyl)methylene]
TPU
• thermoplastic elastomers consisting of
linear segmented block copolymers
composed of hard and soft segments
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

What are we looking for?
Desired solution utilising synthetic biology
• novel adhesives and interlayer materials which prevent water
ingress and/or absorbs moisture without causing delamination and
degradation of optical transparency
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

You need to consider
• the system and operating environment
• surfaces and adhesion
• reducing the cost of inserting new materials on products
- modelling, characterisation, testing
• scale-up
• durability and longevity, particularly in harsh environments
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

You need to consider
• fabrication process
• repair process
• is it future-proofed?
• is it non-hazardous?
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

Synthetic biology for transparent materials
CDE themed competition
12/9/2016
OFFICIALCrown copyright 2016 Dstl

What we want - materials
• new materials are potentially transformational
• must involve synthetic biology at some stage in their production
• likely require multidisciplinary teams and approaches
• production of sufficient material to
demonstrate desired property
• relevant wavelength transmission required
• military application must be identified
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

What we want - adhesives and interlayer materials
As for materials, but also -
• indication of the range of material combinations that can be
bonded
• consideration of Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and
Restriction of Chemicals (REACh) acceptability
12/9/2016

Synthetic biology for materials
12/9/2016
Known
material
Novel
material
Microbe is the material
Added functionality
Cheaper
Accessibility
OFFICIAL
Personal
protection
• eyes
Platforms
• windows
Sensors
• beyond
the visible
Microbes
Cell-free systems
Known and novel
pathways
Templating
Cells
Organisms
Communities
OFFICIAL
12/9/2016

12/9/2016
Programme vision for materials
“……..exploiting global investment in state of the art materials and
structures science for enhanced defence and security capability.”
Future proofing that from which defence equipment is made!

Challenges
Challenge 1: novel transparent materials
Challenge 2: adhesives and interlayer materials
• pick the most appropriate one for the application selected to get
the relevant assessors
• no pre-determined allocation of funds between challenges
OFFICIAL
12/9/2016

What we don’t want
• existing solutions or technology, which have already been tested
and found to have limited utility
• proposals that comprise a paper study, review or similar
• solutions requiring the release of Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMOs) into the environment
OFFICIAL
12/9/2016

What we don’t want
• proposals in areas where there is already a significant research effort
- unless there’s a clearly defined new application relevant to defence
and security
• proposals without a synthetic biology component in the approach
OFFICIAL
12/9/2016

Bidding - making reviewers’ lives easier and improving your
chances
• identify the defence application clearly
 what will be the benefit?
• identify the synthetic biology component clearly
• how is this highly innovative?
• what advantages does this provide over currently available solutions?
12/9/2016

Bidding - making reviewers’ lives easier and improving your
chances
• have you assembled a team that can do this?
• provide a full technical justification
 decision is evidence-based and assessors can only judge the proposal on
what is in it
• read the guidance
• submit early
• the deadline really is the deadline
12/9/2016
OFFICIAL

Synthetic biology
Exploitation
• up to £1 million for phase 2 funding
• main MOD research programme
• commercial partners
OFFICIAL
12/9/2016

CDE themed comp -syn-bio part 2

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