Here you will learn about the stone age and the rive valley civilisation . Why the early civilisation lived beside the river ? You will get to know all basic concept about history. ***Want video on this click below https://youtu.be/r5WEHcLjRSs

1. From Stone Age
To
River Valley Civilisations

2. •Prehistory & its sources
•Artefacts
•Fossils
•History & its sources
•Manuscript
•Inscription
•Monuments
•Coin
•History & Time
•Meaning of BC, AD, CE, BCE

3. Topics to be discussed-
•Origin country of early human
•Stone age
•Metal age
•Agriculture age
•Beginning of civilization

4. INTRODUCTION
•To determine when human beings in their
present form appeared on earth.
•Scientists depend on archaeological remains and
fossils.
•On the basis of these sources, it has been found
that humans evolved (changed or developed)
from apes.

5. •This process of evolution began in Africa, millions
of years ago.
•Over time, the early humans migrated out of
Africa and spread across the other continents.
•In India, archaeologists have found human
remains that are about 5,00,000 years old.

6. •The evolution of humans – scientists call this present
form of human beings that can walk straight on two
legs the Homo sapiens.

7. THE STONE AGES
•Humans at this earliest stage used stone tools and
weapons to protect themselves and to hunt animals
for food.
•So this period is known as the Stone Age.
•Not all regions of the world, however, experienced
the Stone Age at the same time.

8. The Stone Age can be divided into the:
• Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age (40,00,000–
10,000 BCE)
• Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age (10,000
8000 BCE)
• Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000-4000
BCE)

10. The Palaeolithic Age
•Lasted from about 4 million BCE to about 10,000
BCE.
•In this age, humans discovered the use of fire
and the wheel.

13. The Mesolithic Age
•Lasted from about 10,000 to 8000 BCE.
•In this stage, humans learnt to make better and
finer tools with stones.

15. The Neolithic Age
•This was an extremely important age because
(human beings discovered agriculture, and invented
the axle and the potter's wheel in this period.
•They started settling in small villages, and also
started domesticating (taming) animals, beginning
with the dog.

17. THE BEGINNING OF CIVILISATION
•With the discovery of metals, human beings
gradually moved from the Neolithic Age into the
age of metals.
•The first metal they learnt to use was copper,
followed by bronze and iron.
•The discovery of metals allowed people to design
better and more advanced tools.

19. •As a result, agriculture improved, and surplus
food began to be produced.
•This meant that people did not have to worry
about finding food, like they did in the past, and
they could give more time to leisure and thought,
discoveries and inventions, and various artistic
activities.

20. •Trade began and villages gradually grew into towns
and cities.
•Gradually, these changes led to the invention of
writing, Governments came up to take care of the
needs of the people.
•Laws were made.
•When society reached such an advanced stage of
development, it came to be known as a civilisation.

21. 1. The mesopotamian civilisation between the tigris and
euphrates rivers
2. The egyptian civilisation in the nile valley
3. The indus valley civilisation along the indus river
4. The chinese civilisation on the banks of the river huang
•They were some of the earliest civilisations of the world.
•It is interesting to see that all these civilisations prospered
on the banks of major rivers.
•This is why they came to be known as river valley
civilisations.

25. What were the conditions necessary for the growth of
civilisations?
• People specialising in a variety of occupations
• The growth of cities
• The development of a script or written
language
• The establishment of a government that makes and enforces laws
• The growth of trade
• The building of large monuments

26. Why did the Ancient Civilisations develop along River
Valleys?
•The seasonal flooding of rivers renewed the fertility of
the soil in river valleys.
•This meant that they could use the same plot of land
year after year for agriculture.
•Rivers also provided the water needed to irrigate crops.

27. •The rivers helped in transport and trade.
•Boats could be used to transport the excess grain for
trade.
•River banks provided clay for building houses, brick-
making and pottery.
•Rivers also supported other occupations
like fishing.

28.  These river valleys are known as the cradles of
civilisation because our life as we know it today,
began from here.

29. THANKS
FOR WATCHING….