B.arch

1. Application

2. Application
1. Shelter For Hot-dry Climate,
Sub-group: Hot-dry Maritime Desert Climate
2. Shelter For Warm-humid Climate,
Sub-group: Warm- Humid Island Climate
3. Shelter For Composite Climate,
4. Shelter For Tropical Upland Climate,

3. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
•Situation:
A belt near Equator extending to about 15⁰N and S.
•Example Cities:
Lagos, Dar-es-Salam, Mombasa, Colombo, Singapore, Jakarta, Quito and
Pernambuco.
Equator

4. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.1 Nature of the Climate
Hot, Sticky conditions and continuous presence of dampness.
2.1.2 Air Temperature:
•Moderately high, between 21- 32⁰C
•Diurnal range of temperature- quite narrow.
•Seldom exceeds skin temperature.
2.1.3 Humidity:
•High during all seasons.
•Heavy cloud & water vapor act as a filter to direct solar radiation.
2.1.4 Sky Condition:
•Heavily clouded.
•Reduced & diffused solar radiation
• Prevents reradiation from earth during night.

5. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.2 Physiological Objectives
Almost Equal
Temperature:
Surface temperature is
very near to skin
temperature, so heat
loss through conduction
& radiation is negligible.
Almost Equal
Temperature:
Temperature is very near
to skin temperature, so
heat loss through
convection is negligible.
High Humidity:
Saturated air envelope
prevents heat
dissipation through
evaporation.

6. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.2 Physiological Objectives
• Some degree of comfort can be achieved by encouraging out- door breezes to
pass not only through the building, but across the body surface of the
occupants. This will remove the saturated air envelope.
•Radiant heat gain from the sun and sky should be prevented.

7. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.3 Form & Planning
2.3.1 Orientation:
•Building will have to be opened up and oriented to catch whatever air movement
there it is as this is the only available relief from climatic stress.
Prevailing Wind
•Failure to do this would produce
indoor conditions always warmer
than the shaded external spaces.

8. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.3.2 Open up Plan for Cross Ventilation:
•Buildings tend to have open elongated plan shapes, with a single row of rooms to
allow cross ventilation.
•Such rooms can be accessible from verandahs or galleries , which also provides
shading.
•Door & window openings should be as large as possible to allow free passage of air.

9. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.3.3 Arrangements of Buildings:
•Groups of buildings tend to be spread out.
•Extended plans in a line across the prevailing wind direction, afford low resistance to
air movement and is an ideal solution.
•If several rows of buildings follow, the air movement through buildings in the down-
wind row will be substantially reduced by the first row.

10. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.3.4 Elevated Building & Plant cover:
•Plant cover of the ground creates steeper wind gradient than an open surface.
•The ground itself tends to be the same temperature as the air so no significant heat loss
through conduction. So elevated building can avoid the stagnant or slowly moving
air at the ground surface as well as capture higher velocity of wind.

11. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
A middle class house in Northern Territory, Australia.

12. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.3.5 Shading Devices:
•Although intensity of radiation is normally less than hot- dry climate, its entry to the
building should be prevented as it would be a significant source of heat.
• Much of the radiation is diffused, coming from the whole sky hemisphere. So the
shading devices should provide a greater coverage, obstructing most of the sky not
just the location of the sun.
•As the openings are larger, the shading devices will be much larger on both counts.
•Shading of all vertical surfaces , of both opening and wall will be beneficial. This
task will be easier if building height is kept down and the roof will extend far beyond
the line of walls with broad overhang eaves.

13. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.4 External Spaces:
• Shading & free passage of air are two
basic requirements.
•Trees and planting can be used for
shading, as plants carry full foliage all the
year round.
Palinda Kannangara

14. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
•Rarely a structure will be built to provide shade to
an open space, but pergolas and light framing
with climbing plants can be used. Open spaces
left under the buildings can be used.
• Various systems of fences and screen walls
(louvered timber boards or planks) are used to
ensure privacy and to allow breeze, but they
reduce velocity of air. Geoffrey Bawa
Geoffrey Bawa Palinda Kannangara

15. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.5 Roofs & Walls:
•Buildings should be of low thermal capacity materials, using lightweight
construction.
• As rainfall is higher in this regions, a pitched roof will most often be used covered by
corrugated iron, asbestos cement or bright aluminium.
•Lower interior temperature can be
achieved by a reflective upper surface,
double roof construction with roof
space ventilated, a ceiling with its upper
surface highly reflective and having a good
resistive insulation.

16. Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
Single Roof Construction:
Roofing Material:
Corrugated asbestos cement
Double Roof Construction:
Roofing Material:
Corrugated asbestos cement
Ceiling Material:
Kraft Paper (faced with
aluminium foil on upper surface)
48⁰ C 34⁰ C
Difference: 14⁰ C
APPLICATION

17. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.5 Roofs & Walls:
•For walls insulation is not necessary if they are shaded.
•Reflective qualities on the outer surface of unshaded walls will be helpful.

18. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.6 Air Flow & Openings:
•Openings should be placed suitably to catch wind and will be large and fully
operable.
•Topographical features, position of surrounding buildings, vegetation should be
such that allow air flow.
•Protection should be given for driving rain, insects, smell and noise without radically
reducing air movement.
•Ceiling mounted electric fans may be
used when there is no breeze or little
breeze to provide air movement.

19. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
2.7 Ventilation:
• Ventilation is necessary to reduce the temperature and humidity of indoor.
• Not only ventilation but also sensible air movement across the body surface is
necessary.
• Space between roof and ceiling should be ventilated and care should be taken to
avoid this hot air across the living areas.

20. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
Practical Examples:
Marika- Alderton House
Architect: Glenn Mercutt
Location: Eastern Arnhem Land,
Northern Territory, Australia.
Duration: 1991-1994

21. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
Features:
•Open up Plan for Cross Ventilation
•Elevated Building
•Operable Shading Devices
•Lightweight construction
•Cross ventilation & stack effect ventilation
•Pitched double roof construction with
ventilation between roof & ceiling
•Mechanically operable roof ventilator

22. APPLICATION
Shelter For Warm- Humid Climate
Practical Examples:
Avissawella Bungalow
Architect: Palinda Kannangara
Location: Sri Lanka
Duration: 1991-1994