This document provides definitions and concepts related to tourism. It discusses what tourism is, different types of tourists and forms of tourism. Some key points: 1. Tourism can be defined as activities, processes and outcomes from the interactions between tourists, suppliers, governments and communities involved in attracting and hosting visitors. 2. There are various perspectives on tourism - from the tourist seeking experiences, businesses providing goods/services, governments seeking economic benefits, and host communities. 3. Types of tourism discussed include religious, historical, cultural, adventure, sports, medical, eco, rural, culinary and more. 4. Elements that define a tourist destination are discussed, as well as a model of the tourism system

1. UNIT I
Syllabus: What is Tourism? Definitions and Concepts, Tourist destination, services and
industry, General Tourism Trends. Types of Tourists, Visitor, Traveller, and Excursionist–
Definition and differentiation. Inter–regional and intra–regional tourism, inbound and
outbound tourism, domestic, international tourism. Forms of Tourism: religious, historical,
social, adventure, health, business, conferences, conventions, incentives, sports and
adventure, senior tourism, special interest tourism like culture or nature oriented, ethnic or
‘roots’ tourism and VFR. New Trends of travel, E- Commerce and Online communication in
Tourism
Tourism can be defined as the science, art, and business of attracting visitors, transporting
them, accommodating them, and graciously catering to their needs and wants.
Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified:
1.The tourist. The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experiences and satisfactions.
The nature of these will largely determine the destinations chosen and the activities enjoyed.
2. The businesses providing tourist goods and services. Businesspeople see tourism as an
opportunity to make a profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist market
demands.
3. The government of the host community or area. Politicians view tourism as a wealth
factor in the economy of their jurisdictions. Their perspective is related to the incomes their
citizens can earn from this business. Politicians also consider the foreign exchange receipts
from international tourism as well as the tax receipts collected from tourist expenditures,
either directly or indirectly.
4. The host community. Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and employment
factor. Of importance to this group, for example, is the effect of the interaction between large
numbers of international visitors and residents. This effect may be beneficial or harmful, or
both.
Thus, tourism may be defined as the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the
relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host
communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of
visitors
Tourism is the entire world industry of travel, hotels, transportation, and all other components
that, including promotion, serve the needs and wants of travellers. Finally, tourism is the sum
total of tourist expenditures within the borders of a nation or a political subdivision or a
transportation-centred economic area of contiguous states or nations. This economic concept
also considers the income multiplier of these tourist expenditures.
According to WTO Tourism may be defined as: “Tourism comprises the activities of
persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not less than 24
hours and more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes.”
The term “usual environment” is intended to exclude trips within the place of residence, trip
to the usual place of work or education and daily shopping and other local day-to-day
activities.
The threshold of twelve months is intended to exclude long-term migration.
For the distance travelled there is no consensus. It varies from at least 40 kms to at least
160kms away from home one way for any purpose other than commuting to work.
Essential Requirements for Tourism

2. 1. Time, as the hours for leisure increase so does the opportunity for travel. Changes in
work days or hours, school calendars will affect how and when people can travel. The
overall travel pattern has moved from a two week vacation to 6-8 three or four day
mini-vacations per year.
2. Money, the majority of travel requires discretionary income. Discretionary income is
money left over after all monetary obligations (food, rent and taxes) have been paid.
3. Mobility, is the access to transportation (car, bus, plane, train or ship) and the hours
required to get to their destination.
4. Motivation, is the reason people travel. Motivations may include seeking novelty,
education, meet new people, adventure or stress reduction.
Five main characteristics of tourism may be identified from the definition
1. Tourism arises from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations.
2. There are two elements in all tourism: the journey to the destination and the stay including
activities at the destination.
3. The journey and the stay take place outside the usual place of residence and work, so that
tourism gives rise to activities, which are distinct from those of the resident and the
working population of the places, through which the tourist travels and in which they stay.
4. The movement to destinations is of temporary, short-term character, with the intention of
returning to the usual environment within a few days, weeks or months.
5. Destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent residence or
employment remunerated from within the places visited
Elements of Tourism
1. Pleasing Weather
2. Scenic Attraction
3. Historical & Cultural Factors
4. Accessibility
5. Amenities & Facilities
a) Natural Amenities
b) Man- made Amenities
Six A’s of Tourism
1. Accessibility
2. Accommodation
3. Amenities
4. Attractions
5. Activities
6. Affordability
As per WTO definition, Tourism canbe classifiedinto the following forms
Inbound tourism: Visits to a country by non-resident of that country - for example, when A
American citizen, Mr. Sam comes to India to see the Taj Mahal, he is an inbound tourist for
India
Outbound tourism: Visits by the residents of a country to another country - ,for example
when an Indian citizen, Mr. Ram goes to America to see Hollywood , he is an outbound
tourist for India

3. Domestic tourism: It involves travelling by the residents of the given country within their
own country -, for example, when Mr. Anil a resident of Delhi goes to see the Taj Mahal in
Agra he is a domestic Indian Tourist.
Internal tourism: It comprises of domestic tourism and inbound tourism.
International tourism: It comprises of inbound tourism and outbound tourism
Inter regional Tourism:
Intra regional Tourism:
On the basis of Purpose, following are the types of Tourism:
1. Accessible Tourism: "Accessible tourism is the ongoing endeavour to ensure tourist
destinations, products and services are accessible to all people, regardless of their physical
limitations, disabilities or age. It encompasses publicly and privately owned tourist locations.
2. Adventure/ Sports Tourism: Travel for the aim of exploration or travel to remote, exotic
and possibly hostile areas is known as adventure tourism. With tourists looking for different
options, adventure tourism is recording healthy growth. Adventure tourism refers to
performance of acts, which require significant efforts and some degree of risk or physical
danger. The activities include mountaineering, trekking, bungee jumping, mountain biking,
river rafting, and rock climbing. eg Cricket World Cup
3. Wildlife Tourism : Wildlife tourism, one of the fastest segments of tourism, involves
travel to different locations to experience wild life in natural settings.eg; Thailand, Malaysia,
South Africa, Kenya
4. Agritourism : - eg Scotland’s Agritourism Sector Has Potential To Boost Scotland’s
Economy by £200m by 2018. Scotland has a fantastic opportunity to capitalise on the
agritourism movement that is sweeping the globe. In Italy, holidaymakers staying on 20,000
Italian farms, 55% from the domestic market, contribute £1.2bn to agritourism businesses.
5. Convention Tourism: MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions) tourism
is also one of the fastest growing in the global tourism industry. It largely caters to business
travelers, mostly corporates. It caters to various forms of business meetings, international
conferences and conventions, events and exhibitions. Hong Kong, Malaysia and Dubai are
the top destinations for MICE tourism. India is also present in this segment. The Ashok, New
Delhi; Hyderabad International Convention Centre, Hyderabad; and Le Meridian, Cochin are
forerunners in the Indian MICE tourism industry, facilitating domestic and International
business meetings and conferences.
6. Culinary Tourism : Culinary tourism refers to trips made to destinations where the local
food and beverages are the main motivating factors for travel. eg France, Peru.
The growth in popularity of ethnic cuisines like Thai, Indian, North African, Mexican and
Chinese throughout the industrialised countries is attributable to a significant degree to
tourism where visitors sample local foods and develop a taste for them. Food and drink
festivals constitute the sole instance where the decision to travel is taken solely on the
grounds of the gastronomic experiences offered. These are becoming more prevalent, in
particular in Europe. Whilst this segment is growing, at present there are estimated to be no
more than one million international culinary tourists travelling each
year.
7.Cultural Tourism: This type of tourism is concerned with a country or region's culture,
specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those people,
their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that helped shape their way of life.
Cultural tourism includes tourism in urban areas, particularly historic or large cities and their

4. cultural facilities such as museums and theatres. It can also include tourism in rural areas
showcasing the traditions of indigenous cultural communities (i.e. festivals, rituals), and their
values and lifestyle, as well as niches like industrial tourism and creative tourism. It is
generally agreed that cultural tourists spend substantially more than standard tourists do.
8. Ecotourism: Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is travel to natural areas to
appreciate the cultural and natural history of the environment, while not disturbing the
integrity of the ecosystem and creating economic opportunities that make conservation and
protection of natural resources advantageous to local people. It involves travel to destinations
where flora, fauna and cultural heritage are primary attractions. Ecotourism also minimises
wastage and the environmental impact through sensitised tourists. It can be one of the
medium to preserve local culture, flora and fauna and other natural resources.
India, with its great geographical diversity, offers several eco-tourism destinations. It is home
to a wealth of ecosystems which are well protected and preserved. These include:
 Biosphere reserves
 Mangroves
 Coral reefs
 Deserts
 Mountains and forests
 Flora and fauna
 Seas, lakes and rivers
 Caves
eg. South Africa also promotes it. Thenmala in Kerala is the first planned ecotourism
destination in India
9.Health Tourism/ Wellness : Wellness tourism is regarded as a sub-segment of medical
tourism. Here, the primary purpose is achieving, promoting or maintaining good health and a
sense of well-being. India with widespread presence of Ayurveda, Yoga, Siddha, and
Naturopathy, complemented by its spiritual philosophy, is a well-known wellness destination.
Wellness tourism includes ayurvedic therapies, spa visits, and yoga meditation. The
government is promoting this form of tourism with publicity and promotional activities.
10. Heritage Tourism: Heritage tourism is defined as “travel undertaken to explore and
experience places, activities, and artifacts that authentically represent the stories and people
of the past and present”. It is oriented toward cultural heritage of the tourist location. It
involves visiting historical or industrial sites, religious travel or pilgrimages. India is well
known for its rich heritage and ancient culture. The country’s rich heritage is amply reflected
in the various temples, majestic forts, pleasure gardens, religious monuments, museums, art
galleries and urban and rural sites which are citadels of civilisation. All these structures form
the products of heritage tourism.
11. Mass Tourism: mass tourism may be defined as the ‘accumulated appearance of tourists
in a special destination’ in a rather unspecific manner.
12. Religious Tourism: Religious tourism, also commonly referred to as faith tourism, is a
type of tourism, where people travel individually or in groups for pilgrimage, missionary, or
leisure (fellowship) purposes. The world's largest form of mass religious tourism takes place
at the annual Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
13. Medical Tourism: Medical tourism also known as health tourism has emerged as one of
the important segments of the tourism industry. The term has been coined by travel agencies
and the mass media to describe the rapidly-growing practice of travelling across international
borders to for healthcare. Travelers typically seek services such as elective procedures as well
as complex specialised surgeries such as joint replacement (knee/hip), cardiac, dental, and

5. cosmetic surgeries. Psychiatry, alternative treatments, and convalescent care are also
available.
14. Social Tourism: Social tourism “refers to programmes, events, and activities that enable
all population groups – and particularly youth, families, retirees, individuals with modest
incomes, and individuals with restricted physical capacity – to enjoy tourism, while also
attending to the quality of relations between visitors and host communities”. It also refers to
measures taken by governments in various countries to encourage holiday travel – a right
often won through struggle by labour unions, associations, and community groups”.
15. Space Tourism: Space tourism is space travel for recreational, leisure or business
purposes. A number of startup companies have sprung up in recent years, such as Virgin
Galactic and XCOR Aerospace, hoping to create a sub-orbital space tourism industry. Two
American spaceflight companies are quietly competing in a space race for the new era.
SpaceX and Boeing are vying to become the first private firms to fly astronauts to the
International Space Station for NASA sometime in 2017.
16. Sustainable Tourism: Sustainable tourism is defined as “tourism that respects both local
people and the traveller, cultural heritage and the environment”. It seeks to provide people
with an exciting and educational holiday that is also of benefit to the people of the host
country.
Tourist Destinations
Leiper (2004: 128) defined a tourist destination as, “places where travellers choose to
stay awhile for leisure experiences, related to one or more features or characteristics of
the place – a perceived attraction of some sort”. As such, tourist destinations are places
in whole tourism systems where tourists remain temporarily static.
It may be classified as:
1. Natural Interest areas
I. Adventure Sports
a) Mountain trekking
b) Snow Sporting
c) Water Sports
d) Para Gliding Area
II. Mountain and Hills
III. Beaches
a) Sea-side Resorts
b) River side resorts
2. Wildlife Surroundings
I. Wild life sanctuaries
II. National Parks
3. Heritage Culture Areas
I. Pilgrim Centres
II. Art Galleries
a) Memorials
b) Historical Monuments

6. Model of Tourism system by Leiper
Tourism model given by Leiper has got five elements
1. Tourists: are people from the traveller generating region and the human participants in
the system.
2. Transit Route: It is the link between the generating region and the destination and
comprises all the places that tourists pass through en route.
3. Tourism Industry: it consists of all the sectors and sub-sectors which meet the specific
needs and wants of all the tourists and is located in all the three regions.
4. Destination region: It is the place where the tourist is travelling to and is the focus of
tourist activity and attractions.
External environment: It can have a positive or negative impact on the tourism system
Classification of Travellers

7. Travel & Tourism
Travel implies journeys undertaken from one place to another for any purpose including
journeys to work and as a part of employment, as a part of leisure and to take up residence;
whereas Tourism includes the journey to a destination and also the stay at a destination
outside one’s usual place of residence and the activities undertaken for leisure and recreation.
All tourism includes some travel, but not all travel is tourism.
Some of the characteristics that distinguish tourism from travel are:
Tourism is:
1. Temporary, to distinguish it from the permanent travel of the tramp and nomad
2. Voluntary, to distinguish it from the forced travel of the exile and refugee
3. Round up, to distinguish it from the one-way journey of the migrant

8. 4. Relatively long, to distinguish it from the recurrent trips of the holiday house owner
TOURIST
Tourist is a person who undertakes a circular trip, i.e., ultimately comes back to the place
from where he sets about his journey. Based on the various definitions of a Tourist here are
some of the characteristics of a Tourist
1. He takes up his journey of his own free will.
2. He takes up the journey primarily in search of enjoyment.
3. The money spent on the visit is the money derived from home, not money earned in the
places of visit.
4. He finally returns to his original starting point.
The WTO in a conference held in 1963 introduced the term ‘Visitor’
A Visitor is defined as ‘Any person visiting a country other than that in which he has his
usual place of residence for any reason other than being interested in an occupation
remunerated from within the country visited. The term includes two types of visitors:
1. Tourist – Is a temporary visitor staying for a period of at least 24 hours in the country
visited and the purpose of whose journey can be classified under one of the following heads :
a) Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion and sport)
b) Business, family, mission, meeting.
As per the WTO’s definition following persons are to be regarded as tourists:
i) Persons travelling for pleasure, for domestic reasons, for health etc.
ii) Persons travelling for meetings or in representative capacity of any kind (scientific,
administrative, religious etc.)
iii) Persons travelling for business purposes.
iv) Persons arriving in the course of sea cruises, even when they stay for less than 24 hours
(in respect of this category of persons the condition of usual place of residence is waived off.
However persons belonging to the following categories are not considered as tourists:
i) Persons arriving with or without a contract to take up an occupation or engage in any
business activity in that country.
ii) Residents in a frontier zone and persons domiciled in one country and working in an
adjoining country.
iii) Students and young persons in boarding establishments of schools/colleges.
iv) Travellers passing through a country without stopping, even if the journey takes more
than 24 hours. 2.
Excursionist —is a temporary visitor staying for a period of less than 24hours in the
country visited. (Including travellers on the cruises).
Domestic Visitor -A person who travels within the country he is residing in, outside the
place of his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months.
International Visitor –A person who travels to a country other than the one in which he has
his usual residence for a period not exceeding 12 months
Plog’s Classification
Plog classifies tourists into three categories as described below −
Allocentric (The Wanderers) − A tourist who seeks new experiences and adventure in a
wide range of activities. This person is outgoing and self-confident in behavior. An
allocentric person prefers to fly and to explore new and unusual areas before others do so.

9. Allocentrics enjoy meeting people from foreign or different cultures. They prefer good hotels
and food, but not necessarily modern or chain-type hotels. For a tour package, an allocentric
would like to have the basics such as transportation and hotels, but not be committed to a
structured itinerary. They would rather have the freedom to explore an area, make their own
arrangements and choose a variety of activities and tourist attractions.
Psychocentric (The Repeater) − A tourist falling in this category is usually non-
adventuresome. They prefer to return to familiar travel destinations where they can relax and
know what types of food and activity to expect. Such tourists prefer to drive to destinations,
stay in typical accommodations, and eat at family-type restaurants.
Midcentric (Combination) − This category of tourists covers the ones who swing between
the above said two types.
Henley Centre Model ofHolidaymaking
A British Consultancy of Futurology, Henley Center has divided the tourists into four phases
 Phase I- Bubble Travelers − They do not have much money as well as knowledge.
They prefer packaged tours. They long to observe different cultures without being a
part of it. They travel mostly out of curiosity.
 Phase II- Idealized Experience Seekers − They are confident tourists with the
experience of foreign tours. They are flexible and comfortable. They prefer tour
offers made for individuals.
 Phase III- Seasoned Travelers − These tourists are more affluent than the idealized-
experience seekers. They are more confident to experiment and experience different
places and environments. They are more adventurous and prefer individualistic tours.
 Phase IV- Complete Immersers − These tourists have an intention of immersing
completely into the foreign culture, heritage, culinary experience, and language.
Their holidaying is well-planned but not well-structured.
Cohen’s Classification
Cohen’s classification of tourist is based on the theory that tourism combines the curiosity to
seek out new experiences with the need for the security of familiar reminders of home. Most
tourists prefer to explore the destinations from a familiar base. The degree of familiarity of
this base underlies Cohen’s typology in which he identifies four tourist roles:
1) The Organized Mass Tourist The organized mass tourists are the least adventurous and
spend most of their time in their comfortable “environmental bubble” throughout their trip.
“Environmental bubble” means the tourists surrounded by his/her similar living environment
while he/she is abroad. A guided tour in an air-conditioned bus traveling through the
countryside is a typical example of the organized mass tourist. The itinerary is decided in
advance, and all the attractions and stopping points are well fixed and guided. Tourists have
almost no decisions on their trip.
2) Individual Mass Tourist This type of tourists is similar to the organized mass tourist,
except that the tour is not entirely fixed. The tourist has a certain amount of control over
his/her time and itinerary, and is not bound to a group. However, all the major arrangements
are still made through a tour agency. The tour does not bring them much further afield than
the organized mass tourists do. They are still confined by their “environmental bubble”.
3) Explorer This type of tourists arranges their trips alone. They try to go somewhere
unusual, but still look for comfortable sleeping places and reliable means of transportation.
They retain some of the basic routines and comforts of their native way of life. They try to
mix with the people they visit and also try to speak their language. The explorers dare to

10. leave their “environmental bubble” more readily than the organized mass tourists and
individual mass tourists, but they are still careful about their ventures.
4) Drifter This type of tourists goes further away from the “environmental bubble” and from
the accustomed ways of life in their home countries. They keep away from any kind of
connection with the tourism establishment, such as hotels and tour coaches. The drifters have
no fixed itinerary or timetable. They tend to make their trips wholly on their own, live with
the local people and often take odd-jobs to keep themselves going. They try to live the way
the locals live, and to share their houses, food, and habits.
Difference Between :
VISITOR TOURIST EXCURSIONIST
Any people visiting a
country other than that in
which he/she has his
usual place of residence,
for any reason other than
following occupation
remunerated from with
country visited and
remaining at least 24
hours.
Any person coming to
country for legitimate
reason other than
immigration and who
stays at least 24 hours
and at most 1 year during
the same year.
Any personvisiting a
country other than his
residence and remaining
less than 24 hours.
They stay more than 24
hours and less than 1
month. .
They stay at more than
24 hrs and less than 1
year
They stay less than 24
hours.
All visitors are not
tourists.
All the tourists are called
visitors.
All visitors may be
excursionists.
They are not involved in
earning activities
Their activities should be
of ‘Economic Nature’
They shouldn’t get
involved in earning
activities
Definitions followed in India
In relation to the definitions provided by the WTO, those followed in India are different in
some ways.
International Visitor- - has been defined as a person holding a foreign passport, visiting the
country and the main purpose of whose visit is other than the exercise of an activity
remunerated from within the country visited.
•International Tourist- -An international tourist has been defined as a person visiting India
on a foreign passport, staying at least 24 hours in India and the purpose of whose journey can
be classified under one of the following headings:
• Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion and sport
• Business, Family, Mission and Meeting. The following are not regarded as foreign tourists
i) Persons arriving with or without contract to take up an occupation or engage in activities
remunerated from within the country.
ii) Persons coming to establish residences in the country.

11. iii) Nationals of Nepal entering India through land-routes along India- Nepal border.
iv) All foreigners entering India from Bhutan by land and children aged less than three years.
Excursionist: - he is a visitor staying less than 24 hours in the country including cruise
passengers.
Cruise Passenger - he is a visitor who arrives in the country aboard cruise ships and who
does not spend a night in an accommodation establishment in the country.
Domestic Tourist- - A person who travels within the country to a place other than his usual
place of residence and stays at hotels or other accommodation establishments run on
commercial bases or in dharamshalas or stays with friends and relatives and uses sightseeing
facilities, or goes on a pilgrimage for a duration of not less than 24 hours or one night and not
more than 6 months at a time for any of the following purposes:
• Pleasure(holiday, leisure, sports and so on)
• Pilgrimage, Religious and Social functions
• Study and Health
The following are not regarded as domestic tourists:
• Persons arriving with or without a contract to take up an occupation or engage in activities
remunerated from within the state centre.
• Persons visiting their home town or native place on leave or a short visit for meeting
relations and friends, attending social and religious functions and staying in their own houses
or with relatives and friends and not using any sightseeing facilities.
• Foreigners resident in India
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ON THE STUDY OF TOURISM
1. Geographical Perspective - from a geographer’s perspective the main concern of tourism
is to look into aspects like the geographical location of a place, the climate, the landscape, the
environment, the physical planning and the changes in these emerging from provisioning of
tourism facilities and amenities. A geographer feels that it is the climate, landscape or
physical attributes which draw the tourist to a destination, for example; if a person from Delhi
goes to Shimla in the summer he does so because of the cooler climate which he cannot get in
Delhi
2. Sociological Perspective - From a sociologist’s perspective Tourism is a social activity; it
is about interaction between different communities—hosts and guests—and encounter
between different cultures. This approach studies social classes, habits and customs of both
hosts and guests in terms of tourism behaviour of individuals or groups of people and the
impact of tourism on society.
3. Historical Perspective - from an historian’s perspective tourism is a study of the factors
instrumental in the initiation of tourism to a particular destination, the order of happenings
leading to tourism development, the reasons for happening of the occurrences in that order,
beneficiaries of the tourist activity and an untimely and premature identification of negative
effects. For example we all know that a lot of tourists visit Taj Mahal in Agra but a historian
would be interested in studying the factors that bring the tourist there, e.g. the architecture,
the story behind the monument, or something else that draws them there.
4. Managerial Perspective - from the management perspective tourism is an industry, and
therefore needs managerial skills in order to be properly managed. As the industry grows we
see
continuous changes in various organizations and services linked with the industry, the
tourism products and so on so this approach concentrates on management activities such as
planning, research,pricing, marketing, control etc. as vital to the operation of a tourist
establishment.

12. 5. Economic Perspective – From an economist’s perspective tourism is a major source of
foreign exchange earnings, a generator of personal and corporate incomes, a creator of
employment and a contributor to government earnings. It is a dominant global activity
surpassing even trade in oil and manufactured goods. Economists study the effects of tourism
industry on the economy. This is a two way process.
There are two important components that make up tourism:
1. The practice of travelling for pleasure.
2. The business of providing tours and services for persons travelling.
Here we are discussing the features of the above two components
The following are required, to make travel possible: (Component 1)
1. Discretionary income, i.e. money to spend on non-essentials
2. Time in which to do so.
3. Infrastructure in the form of accommodation facilities and means of transport.
Individually, sufficient health is also a condition, and of course the inclination to travel.
Furthermore, in some countries there are legal restrictions on travelling, especially abroad.
Communist states restrict foreign travel only to "trustworthy" citizens. The United States
prohibits its citizens from travelling to some countries, for example, Cuba.
Tourism Services ( Component 2)
There are four basic services to be provided for Tourists:
1. Travel Arrangements
2. Board and Lodging
3. Food
4. Entertainment
Constituents of the Tourism Industry
Main Constituents
1. Transport Industry
2. Hospitality Industry
3. Entertainment Industry
4. Travel agents and Tour operators
5. Guides and escorts
6. Tourism Organisation
Secondary Constituents
1. Shops and state emporiums
2. Arts and crafts
3. Local transport
4. Banks
5. Insurance Companies
6. Communication services
7. Performing Artists
8. Publishers
9. Advertisers
10. Hawkers and Coolies
11. Agents and Brokers
Tertiary Constituents
1. Construction/ real estate

13. 2. Clothing manufacturers
3. Communication network
4. Education & Training
5. Recreation/ Sports goods
6. Bottlers/brewers/ distillers
TOURISM: AS AN INDUSTRY
Tourism industry is the one that deals with the tourists as consumers, the money spent by
them, and the resources rendering various goods and services which facilitate the
composition of the tourism product.
This industry has-been named as a ‘smokeless industry’ because unlike other industries it is
invisible and non-polluting. The tourism industry is an extraordinarily complex integration of
many industries spread over many sectors. Tourism is an umbrella industry containing a set
of inter-related business participants. For example, industries like Transport (Air, water and
surface), Accommodation (Hotels, Motels, and Supplementary Accommodations), and Travel
Companies, (Tour Operators/ Travel Agents), Recreation and Entertainment Institutions,
Handicrafts business, etc and the provision of the many goods and services demanded by
tourists. Interestingly, most of the component industries also get related to varied commercial
and non-commercial activities over and above providing their services to the tourists.
Over the years, there has been a growing awareness of tourism as a human activity, an
industry, and a catalyst for economic growth and development. Like any other industry the
tourism industry draws resources from the economy, adds value and produces marketable
products. The only difference here is that no tangible product is produced like in the case of a
manufacturing industry. The product in this case, as we have already discussed in the
previous lesson, is intangible and joint or composite in nature. The tourism industry impacts
various auxiliary (specific) and ancillary (general) industries as well. Tourism today is
undergoing a rapid transformation towards a new industry having far-reaching implications
for organizations in the travel and tourism industry in particular, and consequences of import
for developing and developed countries in general, growing increasingly dependent on the
tourist dollar.
The forces driving the change in this industry are many. In olden times people travelled
mainly for commercial and religious reasons and leisure travel was for the rich. Today people
travel for a variety of motivations, including business, leisure, religion, culture, visiting
friends and relatives, education and health. The means of transportation have become varied
and faster and as the transport becomes faster, new travellers emerge and people travel
greater distances. Another important force driving the growth within the industry is the
growth and expansion of the middle class and an increase in their disposable income.
The travel industry is complex in nature and challenging to manage. This is for three main
reasons- their process type, cost structure and market features. In terms of process, most
operations are a combination of customer processing operations, material processing
operations and information processing operations. There is a mix of cost structures based
around provision of service, food, accommodation, sightseeing, airfare etc. Forecasting and
packaging are some key market features.
Originally segmentation in the industry was based on social class however, currently many
factors influence segmentation in the industry. Now there are products that are specially
marketed to specific groups of people or market segments based on lifestyle. Due to
segmentation more choice is created for consumers and branding has emerged, major

14. companies are developing brands that are easily recognizable, for example, Thomas Cook
holidays, Star Cruises, etc.
Tourists are now a sophisticated lot. They are demanding and constantly looking for new
variations in the products and newer destinations. In addition, there is growing environmental
awareness and travellers are increasingly prepared to shun over-commercialized and polluted
destinations for newer and less popular ones. Parallel to all these changes in the marketplace,
there is deregulation of the airline industry, an explosion of technology both for automated
reservations and for travel management, and an increasing trend towards concentration of the
industry reflected by the large numbers of mergers, takeovers and acquisition of the industry
from ‘old’ to ‘new’ tourism.
NEW TRENDS IN TOURISM

15. Relationship Marketing: The adoption of the smartphone is rising around the planet, with
about 2 billion consumers worldwide expected to own a smartphone in 2016. The goal of
relationship marketing is to focus on building stronger loyalty and long-term customer
engagement, versus short term acquisition and individual sales. Relationship marketing in
the travel and tourism industry helps build long trusting relationships with customers that
will drive word-of-mouth promotions long after a tour or stay and on-going lead generation.
Automation: As marketers are now spending up to 50% of their time on content, companies
are coming up with new ways to automate travel and tourism marketing efforts. Using a
marketing automation platform makes it easier to schedule consistent emails, segment
contacts, automate social media posts, manage batches of content, and track the entire
lifecycle of customers. If you’re running your own travel and tourism business, chances are
you won’t have time to post on social media every day, or write your own content constantly.
Sites such as Hootsuite, Buffer and Edgar allow you to schedule social media posts and
applicable content days and weeks out. No more need to rush to a computer or smartphone so
you can post. Consider writing your blog articles ahead of time, researching keywords and
then scheduling their post dates. Website platforms such as Wordpress are great for this.
Location-Based Technology: Location-based technology such as the iBeacon is small
inexpensive transmitters that use Bluetooth technology to detect nearby devices that can be
housed in retail storefronts/offices, point-of-sale displays, and merchandising areas.
Hospitality will likely place them at check-in counters, and those with options in airports and
Tourist Information kiosk will have even more advantage to reach users. Tour operators will
be getting creative with ways to use iBeacon to reach these potential customers' devices.
This technology can also be beneficial for tourism and travel event attendees. iBeacons can
help with conference sign ups, and engagement in talks, presentations and live event sessions.
LinkedIn integration offers the opportunity to connect with users by sending messages
through push notifications about the latest news, marketing promotions, announcements,
updates, special offers, etc.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a small electronic device that contains a chip and
antenna, providing a unique identifier tag. RFID enabled wristbands, cards, and apps can
enable attendees to interact in new and engaging ways. Event organizers can let visitors
easily share their travel experiences with their friends online. Brands can increase social
media shares and likes with a single photo tap of the wristband. Travel and tourism
companies can offer these to their clients and encourage them to take and share photos,
possibly offering a discount or prize to those who share. The accessibility of these social
proof generating wristbands will make it easier and more enjoyable for your customers to
engage online while enjoying adventures around the world with your tourism company.
Short-Term Marketing: Apps like Snapchat, the most popular video messaging app, are
already moving into the “standard platform” and marketers should understand that Snapchat
isn’t just a tool for fun once-or-twice marketing experiments- it is a platform with a lot of
sales and lead generating potential. More and more users are flocking to Snapchat from
Instagram for a real-time social media experience, deeper engagement and this platform can
be part of your emerging marketing strategy.
To deliver integrated destination campaigns that makes users feel connected and enticed to
keep coming back for more, you need to be offering exclusive irresistible content that
expires. Limited time only makes content more desirable when there is a countdown for the
length of time videos are available for devouring. Less is more! Minimal but high quality is
the direction you want to think for travel and tourism marketing in 2016. Ephemeral

16. marketing is about communicating a short and to-the-point message. Nowadays, people have
less and less time, and this model works.
Snapchat has become the ultimate platform for experiential brands such as ESPN, and
Comedy Central, and those who want to push their messages to their targeted consumers in
new innovative ways. With Snapchat, the advertisement, or Snap, becomes the product. Take
advantage and snap pictures of deals, destinations, current and past trips, and specific
experiences you want your potential clients to experience. Be organic and focus your small
batches of quality video.
The New Social Media: Yes there is new and actually exciting innovations still happening
in the social media platforms you're familiar with. Facebook has its own search engine, and
it seems inevitable that search will eventually go far beyond the current capabilities of its
forefathers - Google, Bing, and Yahoo. As search capacities about member interests,
locations and detailed demographics improve within social media, brands should see an
automatic boost. In addition when buttons such as buy, learn more, or book, and other
payment buttons begin to appear more frequently on multiple social platforms, an all-in-one
type platform will manifest. We're already seeing buy button options on Pinterest as it
evolves. Every month this year, social media will be decreasing the gap between one
venturing to find the purchase location of shared content and the travel and hospitality
destination on the internet to buy that product.
With advanced search capabilities, integrated payment methods, and the impact that social
media empowers, potential clients will be able to book their trips, pay for bookings, and
social proof share with friends about their excitement of upcoming trips and adventures.
Advanced searches will bring a more integrated social experience for potential customers that
expand directly into the travel and tourism sales realm in the online space. No longer will
someone make a travel booking and not share it with their online networks. If you cater your
travel and tourism marketing efforts to the all-in-one, book-and-share social
Online communication in tourism
As online communication, travel communities, and social networking keep changing the
ways in which destinations are researched, perceived and marketed, it is becoming
increasingly important to understand the value of utilising these tools and channels
effectively.
Some of these tools include:
Tourism Blogs: Blogs are excellent tools for providing valuable and descriptive information.
Especially larger quantities of information that can’t be consumed through the fast-paced
feeds of other social media channels. Blogs are also the perfect environments to build loyal
online travel communities, get visitor feedback, source user-generated content, and run real-
time marketing campaigns.
Twitter for Tourism: If you are looking to distribute interesting or valuable information
about your destination to a massive, targeted audience, Twitter should be your tool of choice
which can help you with:
1. Profile setup and design
2. Communication engagement
3. Effective integration of Twitter into your website

17. Facebook: Some global brands are replacing their websites with Facebook pages altogether.
When looking at its user base, advertising opportunities, user-involvement and
communication abilities, this comes as no surprise. With users’ability to share media and stay
connected via mobile devices, this platform has become extremely powerful in the tourism
industry and should not be overlooked by destinations.
Flickr : Flickr.com is an online photo sharing community providing millions of users to
upload, share and discuss their photographs.
Email Marketing for Tourism: When used effectively, email marketing is one of the most
effective and measurable electronic communication tools available.