The vertebrates of greatest pest importance to humans are the bats, bird, commercial mice and rats and squirrel which either roost or nest on or within human structures or nearby. These animals are not only a nuisance, but they may damage or destroy the property, eat and contaminate stored food. For example, bats may transmit rabies; bat and bird droppings are a common source of the respiratory fungal diseases histoplasmosis; rat and mice are vectors of the food poisoning, rat-bite fever, murine typhus.
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Biology of vertebrate and there management
1. Technical Training For Team
Conducted by Manish Ravindra Jadhav
Entomologist
Conducted on 18/01/2017
Training Topic Biology of vertebrate and there management
Training No First (1)
Points to be Covered 1) Introduction of Vertebrates
2) Types of Vertebrates
3) Biology of pigeons and there IPM.
4) Biology of rats and there IPM.
2. Introduction of Vertebrates
The vertebrates of greatest pest importance to humans are the bats, bird,
commercial mice and rats and squirrel which either roost or nest on or within human
structures or nearby. These animals are not only a nuisance, but they may damage or
destroy the property, eat and contaminate stored food. For example, bats may transmit
rabies; bat and bird droppings are a common source of the respiratory fungal diseases
histoplasmosis; rat and mice are vectors of the food poisoning, rat-bite fever, murine typhus.
Recognition :
Bats : Covered with hair, give birth to living young, young nourished on milk secreted by
mammary glands, fly on 2 wings consisting of a double membrane stretched across enlarged arm
bones and elongated fingers , with very large ears, tan to black in color.
Birds : Primarily pigeons, starlings and house sparrows. Covered with feathers, lay eggs with 2
feathered covered wings, 1 feathered covered tail, 2 legs each with 2,3 or 4 toes and a horny beak
lacking teeth.
Rodents : Introduced mice and rats, tree squirrels. Covered with hair, give birth to living
young, young nourished on milk secreted by mammary glands, besides moral with only an upper
and lower pair of enlarged chisel like incisor teeth, lack canine teeth.
3. Types of Vertebrates
Type of Vertebrates Scientific Name
Bird (Pigeon) Columba livia
Rodents
A) House Mouse
B) Brown Rat
C) Roof Rat (Black Rat)
Mus musculus
Rattus norvegicus
Rattus rattus
5. Biology -:
1) Pigeons are monogamous, pairing for life. About 8-12 days after mating, typically
2 (range 1-2) white eggs are laid per clutch in the nest. Eggs require about 17-19
days incubation. Hatchings are almost featherless and are totally dependent on
the parent birds for warmth and food. For the first 5 days, hatchings are fed
predigested food called ‘pigeon milk’ that is produced in parent crop. For the
next 5 days, water and grain are added to their milk and finally they are fed only
grain and water.
2) Pigeons have color vision and hearing range very close to that of humans and
have poorly developed senses of taste and smell. Although they cannot think
pigeons capable of conditioned learning.
3) Pigeons, their nests and droppings are of medical concern because of the over 50
diseases and ectoparasites associated them. The ectoparasites includes mites
and ticks that often bite humans or infest domestic animals, causing extreme
discomfort.
6. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) -:
1) Pigeon control or management begins with the most important step, the survey.
The survey should address the following
2) Many options are available for bird control. There are 5 methods that do not
utilize toxicants.
a) Exclusion involves structural modifications
b) Installation of plastic netting
c) Use of repellants such as plastic and metal spines
d) Sanitation which involves elimination of feeding sites and temporary water
sources
e) The use of sound devise (Usually not suitable for Urban areas)
f) Trapping
g) Shooting
Location of problem Time Constraints
Species Observed Analysis of problem
Habitat Public relations issue
Special Equipment Recommended control procedure
Pricing Considerations
8. Biology -:
1) The house mouse is prolific breeder. They reach sexual maturity in 35 days and
mate when 6-10 weeks old. Pregnancy lasts as average of 19 days. The young are
blind and naked except for vibrissae and are weaned at about 21 days.
2) The most threatening organism spread by mice is salmonella, a cause of food
poisoning spread via bites, infectious jaundice/leptospirosis/well disease via
urine in food or water, a fungus diseases of the scalp either by direct contact or
indirectly via cats, plague and murine typhus via fleas.
3) The most common way mice transmit disease organism is by contaminating food
with their droppings and urine.
4) Pigeons, their nests and droppings are of medical concern because of the over 50
diseases and ectoparasites associated them. The ectoparasites includes mites
and ticks that often bite humans or infest domestic animals, causing extreme
discomfort.
10. Biology -:
1) The norway rat reach sexually maturity in 2-5 months. Pregnancy lasts an
average of 23 days. The young are blind and naked at birth. Hair appears in
about 7 days and eyes open in 12-14 days. They are weaned at about 3-4 weeks
and reach sexual maturity at 8-12 weeks. The average number of litters is 3-6
per year, each containing an average of 7-8 young, but averaging about 20
weaned/female/year. Adults live an average of 5-12 months in towns and cities.
2) They have rather poor vision and area color blind but their senses of hearing,
smell, touch and test are keenly developed. Touch is via their vibrissae or long
whiskers.
3) Historically, the disease most commonly though of involving rats is plague which
is transmitted via fleas leaving an infected rat and attacking man. Fortunately,
plague has not been found in rats.
12. Biology -:
1) Roof rat reach sexual maturity in 2-5 months. Pregnancy lasts an average of 22
days. The young are blind and naked at birth with hair appearing in about 7
days and eyes opening in 12-14 days. They are weaned at about 3-4 weeks. The
average numbers of litters is 4-6 per year, each containing an average of 6-8
young's. Adults on an average live 9-12 months.
2) They have rather poor vision and are color blind, but their senses of hearing,
smell, touch and taste are keenly developed. Touch is via their vibrissae or long
whiskers. They are good runners, excellent climbers and jumpers and rater good
swimmers.
3) Other transmitted diseases organism include murine typhus via fleas, infectious
jaundice/leptospirosis via urine in water or food.
16. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) -:
1) Rats defeats where they spend most of their time. Use rat dropping as
an indication of where to concentrate the control efforts. Nontoxic
tracking powder can also be used to determine where they are most
numerous.
2) Mice defeats wherever they travel but mostly where they feed. Mouse
droppings serves to indicates where control efforts should be
concentrated. Non-toxic tracking powders can also be used to
determine where the greatest mouse activity is occurring.
3) Mice are nibblers. Put a little bit of bait stations to increase and
consumption . Change baits until preference is established, then utilize
this bait until feeding stops.
4) Glue board tend to harvest only juveniles and the occasional adult;
adults typically jump over them. Use multiple catch in addition to glue
boards.
5) Traps and bait stations are more effective if placed in corner and along
established runways. Droppings will indicates the best placement sites.
