2.  RACE WAR
 The Haitian War for Independence (1791-1803) began as a
struggle between the privileged white planters and the
less privileged affranchis (those of mixed blood) and
rapidly became an all-out race war when the third and
largest racial element, the pure blacks, ultimately
dominated. In 1791 the affranchis sought the liberties
given to all citizens by the French Revolution. During the
early years of the bloody warfare, some wealthy
plantation owners were able to escape from Haiti with
their slaves, contributing to the spread of race as a cause
for conflict, particularly in neighboring Cuba. Conflicts in
other areas of Latin America have also had racial
overtones, but none equaled the extremes of the
Caribbean experience.

3.  IDEOLOGY OF INDEPENDENCE
 Latin American wars for independence were an
outgrowth of deep-seated political, economic, and
social frustrations. Within colonial Latin America a
class system existed which exalted the Europeans,
gave lesser privileges to the American-born, pure-
blooded whites, and repressed all others. Each class
of Americans had its own irritants. For the criollos
(persons of pure Spanish blood born in the New
World), the principal frustration was the lack of
political opportunities. The overwhelming majority of
political, military, and ecclesiastical appointments
went to peninsulares (persons born in Spain, also
called godos in Buenos Aires and the Caribbean and
gachupines in Mexico).

4.  SEPARATION VERSUS UNION
 During the colonial era, many administrative entities within the Spanish
colonial empire had been held together primarily through their loyalty to
the King; he was the glue. Formidable geographical barriers of
mountains, jungles, deserts, rivers, and vast distances created isolated
pockets of population. Once this European monarch had been forced
to abandon his Latin American supporters, a prime issue became
whether these vast but sparsely populated colonial entities would
become a single nation or whether they would break up-separation
versus union.
 The potential of the young nation breaking apart dominated Argentine
politics and military operations for almost six decades (1816-61).
Colombia was subjected to nearly eighty years of on-again, off-again
civil wars between Centralists and Federalists; between 1828 and 1871
some fifty revolts occurred. Liberal Jose Antonio Gamboa argued at the
1857 constitutional convention that Mexico's second most important
problem (the Roman Catholic Church being the first) was the potential
of national disintegration because of a lack of identity.

5.  BOUNDARY DISPUTES
 The poorly defined boundaries of the newly independent nations
caused wars. The Spanish king's inadequate knowledge of the
geography transferred vast areas from one administrative entity
to another in attempts to improve political, social, and
economic control. This gave almost every post-independence
Spanish-speaking nation some basis to claim lands also
cherished by a neighbor. The colonial boundaries in Spanish
South America were particularly complex because the continent
had been administratively reorganized in 1776, thus further
confusing historical ties. Also, the kings of Spain and Portugal
were occasionally at war during the colonial era and the same
held true for their colonies. Not surprisingly, a golden rule of Latin
America power politics became: Relations between nations
which share a common border are cool and those which do not
are warm. Boundary wars began immediately after the wars of
independence and continued throughout the nineteenth
century

6. › Born March 1914
› Died April 1998
› Receiver of Nobel Prize
› Was published when he was 17
› Mexican Writer and Diplomat
› Dropped out of law school

7.  Ruled as a dictator and took over
Argentina ruling from 1829- 1851
 Was against social, economic, or polital
changes in Argentina
 Had large armies
› Of which killed 20,000 people
 ‘toughest of the tough’

8.  The U.s. tried to support Argentina
› Although Argentina quickly began to lose
support from many other countries, they
became dependent upon foreign
investments because their economy was
unreliable
 Poor country leadership caused these
hardships and made it impossible to get
new investors.

9.  Among other problems their national gas
supplies were quickly depleting
 The country could not longer be
considered a respectable country, and
this proves that a country should not be
solely dependent upon investments
coming in from other countries.

10.  Chile
› Is the only South American country that
could possibly make it to being a first world
country
› It uses free trade with America, and china
› Kept its distance from continental problems
yet makes allies wherever possible
› Made a very risky move by voting Michelle
Bachelet into presidency.
 Single mother, and torture victim

11.  Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador
› Mayor of Mexico City
› Created social and food support programs for
elderly
 Led him to running for president
 Didn’t win…
› López Obrador gained national exposure as an
advocate for the rights of indigenous people
when in 1996 he appeared on national TV
drenched in blood following confrontations with
police force for blocking Pemex oil wells to
defend the rights of local indigenous people
impacted by pollution