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5 marzo 2014 - 11

2014 Workshop
Conoscenza e tecnologie appropriate per la sostenibilità e la resilienza
in urbanistica
Knowledge and Appropriate Technologies for Sustainability and Resilience
in Planning

Funda Atun, Maria Pia Boni, Annapaola Canevari, Massimo Compagnoni, Luca Marescotti,
Maria Mascione, Ouejdane Mejri, Scira Menoni, Floriana Pergalani
LAUREA MAGISTRALE DELLA SCUOLA DI ARCHITETTURA E SOCIETÀ
Laboratorio organizzato da Luca Marescotti
Cover

2014 Workshop
Conoscenza e tecnologie appropriate per la sostenibilità e la
resilienza in urbanistica - Knowledge and Appropriate
Technologies for Sustainability and Resilience in Planning

5 marzo 2014
Luca Marescotti
Urbanistica, opere pubbliche, lavori pubblici: una separazione forzosa.
Planning, Public Works, Works for Public Administration: a forced
separation
Mappa mentale: i rami sono flussi informativi

Luca Marescotti

4 / 75
ENVIRONMENT IS “ALL” BUILT

I rami che uniscono sono
flussi di informazioni.
Abbiamo bisogno di standard
nei processi e di standard nei
prodotti/manufatti

Luca Marescotti

5 / 75

Di che cosa si
parla quando si
parla in Italia di
standard
urbanistici?
ENVIRONMENT IS “ALL” BUILT

Di che cosa si
parla quando si
parla in Italia di
standard
urbanistici?
Luca Marescotti

6 / 75
ENVIRONMENT IS “ALL” BUILT

Per capirlo
usciamo
dall'Italia,
Guardiamo da
fuori,
ascoltiamo altre
lingue
Luca Marescotti

7 / 75
UN AMBIENTE “TUTTO” COSTRUITO

Opere pubbliche,
lavori pubblici,
capitale fisso sociale
La città come infrastrutture
e insediamenti

Public Works,
Works for Public
Administration,
Social Capital

costruita

Cities as infrastructures,
services and settlements

dalla “collettività”

built by “people”

Luca Marescotti

8 / 75
Public works
many points of views

Public works is the combination of physical assets, management
practices, policies, and personnel necessary for government to provide
and sustain structures and services essential to the welfare and
acceptable quality of life for its citizens.
The American Public Works Association (APWA)
(http://www.apwa.net/discover/what_is_public_works)
Luca Marescotti

9 / 75
Public works
many points of views (APWA)
In the real world there is no one, ideal structure for a public works operation. Even
though some public works services are considered “must haves” in every community,
they may not be readily identified on a city organizational chart, or delivered in the same
way, or to the same level, from one community to the next. In fact, some municipalities
may not even have a department named public works.
Although some functions are not common to every community, each of them will have
such things as water, utilities, and trash collection—unquestionably. What IS in question
is by whom they are delivered. The traditional concept of public works is that
governmental units provide the services, own the facilities, and are usually funded
through taxation. However, the situation often is not that clear-cut today, and other
models also exist, which include publicly owned corporations and partial outsourcing. It’s
not uncommon for the private sector to be involved in delivering public works services as
well. For instance, some communities may own a fleet of trash collection vehicles, but
other communities will contract out that service to private companies. It’s also common
for a municipal engineering division to plan and design large construction projects but to
contract out the actual construction work.
The American Public Works Association (APWA)

In fact, some municipalities may not
even have a department named public
works

Luca Marescotti

10 / 75
Public works
many points of views Wikipedia
Public works is a multi-dimensional concept in economics and politics,
touching on multiple arenas including: recreation (parks, beaches),
aesthetics (trees, green space), economy (goods and people movement,
energy), law (police and courts), critical infrastructure are at times used
The terms public infrastructure or neighborhood (community centers,
social services buildings). Essentially, it represents any constructed
interchangeably.
object that augments a aesthetics (trees, green space), economy
recreation (parks, beaches), nation's physical infrastructure as others. (goods
and people movement, energy), law (police and courts), neighborhood
Municipal infrastructure, urban infrastructure, and rural development
usually represent the same concept but imply either large cities or
critical infrastructure
developing nations' concerns respectively. The terms public
public works (dams, waste water systems, bridges, etc.
infrastructure or critical infrastructure are at times used interchangeably.
&
However, critical infrastructure includes public works (dams, waste water
hospitals, banks, and telecommunications systems
systems, bridges, etc.) as well as facilities like hospitals, banks, and
telecommunications systems and views them from a national security
viewpoint and the impact on the community that the loss of such facilities
would entail.
Luca Marescotti

11 / 75
Public works
Precaution, prevention, emergency

how much can we spend on public works? And for what?
Ma quanto possiamo spendere in lavori pubblici? E per fare che cosa?
Una controversia infinita, ma semplicemente politica.
An endless controversy, but merely a political one.

Luca Marescotti

12 / 75
UN AMBIENTE “TUTTO” COSTRUITO

Per rispondere a
questa domanda,
dobbiamo saper rispondere
anche a queste altre:
a che cosa servono le
opere pubbliche?
chi le paga?

Perché?
Luca Marescotti

13 / 75

… e poi …
Quei servizi e infrastrutture
proteggono tutti allo stesso
modo? Servono tutti allo
stesso modo?
UN AMBIENTE “TUTTO” COSTRUITO

… e ora che tutto
cambia?
Che cosa è normale?
Che cosa emergenza?

Luca Marescotti

14 / 75
Public works
Precaution, prevention, emergency
The Novelty of Crises: How to Prepare for the Unprecedented
by Arnold M. Howitt and Herman B. “Dutch” Leonard
[draws on work previously published: Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol. 30:1, Winter
2006, pp. 215-221; Crisis/Response Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2 (June 2006), pp. 52-53, and
No.3 (September 2006), pp. 54-56].

IN THIS ARTICLE

Howitt and Leonard discuss the difficulties of preparing for
unprecedented crises. While routine emergencies require enormous
strength, the novelty of a crisis may call upon the creativity and
improvisation of emergency responders to marshal personnel and
supplies, reduce immediate dangers, and save lives.

Luca Marescotti

15 / 75
Public works
Precaution, prevention, emergency

Arnold Howitt is the executive director of the Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and
Innovation, an adjunct lecturer in Public Policy, co-director of the Program on Crisis Leadership at
Harvard Kennedy School, and an instructor at Harvard Extension School. He is also the co-editor of
the book Managing Crises: Responses to Large-Scale Emergencies, which details how to effectively
lead a crisis management team and understand emergency preparedness.

Luca Marescotti

16 / 75
Public works
Precaution, prevention, emergency

“Managing Crises” features a case study on Hurricane Katrina and what went
wrong in the handling of the disaster. Fundamentally, disasters on the level of
Katrina are chaotic, hard to manage, and unpredictable. A common
characteristic of natural disasters is that half of what emergency response
teams think they know about the emergency turns out to be wrong.
One of the challenges of crisis management is that governments spend a lot of
money and time on events that may not happen and are vulnerable to funding
cuts.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provided a lot of money
to prepare “Hurricane Pam,” an emergency response plan for a potential
category three storm in New Orleans. Though Hurricane Pam did address
some of the scenarios later experienced in Katrina, funding was cut before
responders were able to execute all of the practice scenarios.

One of the challenges of crisis
management is that governments spend
a lot of money and time on events that
may not happen and are vulnerable to
funding cuts.
Luca Marescotti

17 / 75
Public works
Precaution, prevention, emergency

Arnold Howitt

“routine emergencies”
not because they are in some sense “easy,” but because the predictability of the general situation
permits agencies to prepare in advance and apply lessons from prior experience.

“crises”
The novel features may result from threats never before encountered: from a more familiar event
occurring at an unprecedented scale, outstripping available resources; or from a confluence of
forces, which, though not new, pose unique challenges in combination.

Luca Marescotti

18 / 75
Public works
Precaution, prevention, emergency
Arnold Howitt / “crises”

Scalability And Surge Capacity
Maintaining Situational Situational Awareness.
Consapevolezza e sensibilizzazione

Integrated Execution in Real Time.
Addressing these core problems, particularly when the novel
demands of a crisis must be met, means moving forward
effectively in four realms:
capabilities,
structures and systems,
people,
coordination.
Luca Marescotti

19 / 75
Public works
Precaution, prevention, emergency

Arnold Howitt references:
the early 1990s, California established the Standardized Emergency Management
System (SEMS),
2002 statutory requirement for a National Incident Management System (NIMS)
compatible with SEMS.

Luca Marescotti

20 / 75
Public works
Precaution, prevention, emergency - Hurricane Pam
A (PARALLEL) ADVANCED CIRCULATION MODEL FOR OCEANIC,COASTAL AND
ESTUARINE WATERS - ADCIRC
Hurricane Pam was a hypothetical, slow moving, Class 3 storm used as a worst-case scenario for
New Orleans. The storm track and parameters were provided by the National Weather Service. The
three movies show Pam as it approaches and passes New Orleans, at different zoom levels.

Right-click on the image and select play to view the clip.

The arrows indicate wind vectors, the colors indicate water levels with shades of blue showing a lowering of
water surface elevation, and shades of red showing a rise.

Luca Marescotti

21 / 75
Public works
Precaution, prevention, emergency

Flow Trace Animation
Transient Model Animation

Luca Marescotti

22 / 75
Public works -Precaution, prevention, emergency
USA-Italia, a comparison

The United States has approximately 19,400 municipalities of varying
sizes, and Canada is home to nearly 3,700 more. In each community,
whatever its size, there are needs common to all human beings that
must be met through the provision of public works services. These
needs are met on a daily basis by visionary, values-driven, and
hardworking men and women who provide and sustain public works
services in the best interests of their communities.

The American Public Works Association (APWA)

Luca Marescotti

23 / 75
UN AMBIENTE “TUTTO” COSTRUITO

… e l'Italia quanti
comuni ha?

Luca Marescotti

24 / 75
UE: un continente urbano

European Union can be seen as a Union
of cities:
80% urban inhabitants by 2020.
Approximately 1.600 urban areas with more than 50.000
inhabitants are defined as functional urban areas

Luca Marescotti

25 / 75
Urban frontrunners — cities and the fight against global
warming

Barcelona is becoming a leader in solar energy use,
Malmö is developing a carbon neutral residential area
London is setting ambitious greenhouse gas reduction
targets.
Cities are joining in the fight against climate change.
http://www.eea.europa.eu/articles/urban-frontrunners-2013-cities-and-the-fight-against-global-warming

Luca Marescotti

26 / 75
nelle città, con le città, per le città si giocano comportamenti, strategie
finanziarie, acquisizioni di risorse

Luca Marescotti

27 / 75
A proposito di Barcellona

Ecologia e pianificazione:
Richard T. T. Forman, Urban Regions, Ecology and
Planning Beyond the City, Cambridge University Press,
2008
Consulente per la pianificazione strategica di Barcellona

Luca Marescotti

28 / 75
Richard TT Forman, Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning
Beyond the City, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
2008

Forman sostiene...
Nel prossimo futuro l'urbanistica dovrà essere indirizzata
soprattutto alla pianificazione della aree libere interne alle
regioni urbane.
Dal punto di vista di:
relazioni con l'ambiente [ecologia],
valorizzazione delle risorse naturali,
compensazione dell'urbanesimo.
Luca Marescotti

29 / 75
FOUR RED THREADS IN FORMAN

“(1) urban regions, rather than cities or all-built metropolitan areas,
are the key big objects today and in our future;
(2) natural systems, or simply nature, and human uses of them in
an urban region are of major importance;
(3) all regional characteristics are changing, driven by growing
populations, more cities, and diverse urbanization patterns;
(4) using principles and a rich array of existing solutions, society
can significantly improve every distinctive urban region.”

Luca Marescotti

30 / 75
Linee d'azione

(a) maintaining diverse productive agricultural landscapes on the
best soils;
(b) concentrating rather than dispersing growth to reduce
infrastructure and servicing costs;
(c) investing in key areas for nature protection and nature-based
tourism;
(d) rethinking floodplain design to reduce flood-damage costs;
(e) targeting a handful of pollution sources, plus creating
stormwater wetlands, to increase a scarce supply of costly clean
water.
Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City
Luca Marescotti

31 / 75
Forman's Urban Region


150-200 km

Luca Marescotti

32 / 75
Ma questa è la dimensione della REGIONE LOMBARDIA, per intenderci

150-200 km

Luca Marescotti

33 / 75
ON CHECKING FOR PLANNING PROCESSES

Capacità di pianificazione e di attuazione
In primo luogo: integrare i processi,
normalmente separati in settori non
comunicanti
In secondo luogo: descrivere
dettagliatamente i processi e le intersezioni

Luca Marescotti

34 / 75
ON CHECKING FOR PLANNING PROCESSES

Tecnologie di processo nell'urbanistica
misure non strutturali
Tecnologie di prodotto nell'urbanistica
misure strutturali

Luca Marescotti

35 / 75
HOW CHECK PLANNING PROCESSES?

Processi certificati e controllati da terze parti.
Inoltre, compiti dei media, delle minoranze politiche, della popolazione è
il controllo.
Luca Marescotti

36 / 75
Ambiente e città:
la città come occasione

Nei trasparenti successivi:
L'analisi dei processi di progettazione e pianificazione mirano a sottolineare
l'importanza di una visione strategica nel coordinamento tra i livelli di pianificazione
(quadro programmatico) e nell'indirizzare la progettazione delle singole opere in una
visione integrata realmente nell'ambiente

Luca Marescotti

37 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA

Processi di pianificazione
Valutazione e gestione degli impatti
Integrazione dei punti di vista e integrità
ambientale
(aria-acqua-suolo sistemi interagenti)

Luca Marescotti

38 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA
Programmazione economica

piano
Studio di fattibilità
Progettazione preliminare

analisi
Progettazione definitiva
Progettazione esecutiva

progetto

Esecuzione e collaudo

Luca Marescotti

39 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA

piano

analisi

Il piano orienta le analisi:
•rete stradale
•ambiente
•volumi di traffico
•itinerari

Il dettaglio delle analisi è
funzionale al progetto
progetto

Luca Marescotti

40 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA

piano

analisi

progetto

Luca Marescotti

41 / 75

Prima
LE ANALISI DEVONO
RENDERE COERENTE IL
QUADRO
PROGRAMMATICO
Durante il processo
LE ANALISI
RIORIENTANO IL PIANO
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

Luca Marescotti

42 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

Compattare la progettazione

Luca Marescotti

43 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

Quadro di avvio della progettazione

Definizione e impostazione

Luca Marescotti

44 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

A che cosa serve un piano?

Come si formano gli obiettivi?

Luca Marescotti

45 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

Luca Marescotti

46 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA ... and risk prevention, and precaution

Ridurre i rischi sul territorio
Rischi di incidenti rilevanti (RIR)
Predisporsi per l'emergenza

Luca Marescotti

47 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

VAS

Luca Marescotti

48 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

Luca Marescotti

49 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

Ricordate il ponte di Millau?

Luca Marescotti

50 / 75
Luca Marescotti

51 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

TEMPI & COSTI
Efficienza e efficacia
Studi alternative e scelta della soluzione (congestione route
nationale N9 vicino alla città di Millau): 1989
Progettazione: Michel Virlogeux con Norman Foster
Dimensione: lunghezza 2461 m, altezza 341 m
Costi 394 milioni € + 20 mil € (5%)
Avvio della costruzione: 2001
Collaudo e uso: 2004 (in anticipo: un mese)

PROCESSO DI PIANIFICAZIONE E DI
PROGETTAZIONE
Luca Marescotti

52 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

Rivedere il processo
Revise whole process

Dal piano alle opere
From planning to designing and making

purchè le opere pubbliche siano (uso o
proprietà?) un capitale fisso sociale, cioè beni
comuni.
Public works as commons
Luca Marescotti

53 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

VIA

Luca Marescotti

54 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

VAS

VIA

Luca Marescotti

55 / 75
La definizione delle opere pubbliche

GOVERNANCE
Una visione integrata,
Transcalare
Transcisciplinare
Gli obiettivi si formano nell'iterazione tra istanze generali e locali
Global and local interaction

Luca Marescotti

56 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

Luca Marescotti

57 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

L’INNOVAZIONE
È DISPORRE DI STRUMENTI
PER RI-ORIENTARE IL
PROCESSO DI
PIANIFICAZIONE E DI
PROGETTAZIONE
Luca Marescotti

58 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO

L’INNOVAZIONE
È ORIENTARE RICERCA E
OPERE PUBBLICHE NELLA
COSTRUZIONE DI UN
CAPITALE FISSO SOCIALE,
UN BENE SOSTENIBILE E
DUREVOLE
Luca Marescotti

59 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO

VAS

VIA
Luca Marescotti

60 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO

sistemi di relazioni multiple tra piani
ipotesi di sviluppo
aspetti congiunturali

SCENARIO DI RIFERIMENTO
E SCENARI DI PROGETTO

Luca Marescotti

61 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO
SISTEMA AMBIENTALE
SISTEMA INSEDIATIVO
SISTEMA INFRASTRUTTURALE

Sistemi di valutazione

SCENARIO
“0”
o scenario di
riferimento
Luca Marescotti

62 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO

SCENARIO 0
stato attuale
come riferimento

Suolo - acqua - aria
agricoltura
ricettori antropici
rumore

Luca Marescotti

63 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO

SCENARIO 0
riferimento

pianificazione
programmazione
viabilità
insediamenti

Suolo - acqua - aria
agricoltura
ricettori antropici
rumore

Luca Marescotti

64 / 75
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO

SCENARIO 0
riferimento

pianificazione
programmazione
viabilità
insediamenti

SCENARIO 1
tendenze -attuabilità dei piani
efficienza degli interventi

SCENARIO 2

Suolo - acqua - aria
agricoltura
ricettori antropici
rumore

Luca Marescotti

65 / 75

tendenze 
attuabilità dei piani
efficienza degli interventi

SCENARIO “n”
tendenze ++
attuabilità dei piani
efficienza degli interventi
VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE
INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO
pianificazione
programmazione

SCENARIO 0
viabilità
riferimento
S C E L T A insediamenti
VALUTAZIONE INTEGRATA
SCENARIO 1
MULTICRITERI
tendenze -attuabilità dei piani
COERENZA efficienza degli interventi

TRA ENTI DI GOVERNO

SOSTENIBILITÀ
Suolo - acqua - aria
agricoltura
ricettori antropici
rumore

Luca Marescotti

ECONOMICA
SOCIALE
AMBIENTALE

SCENARIO 2
tendenze 
attuabilità dei piani
efficienza degli interventi

SCENARIO “n”
tendenze ++
attuabilità dei piani
efficienza degli interventi

66 / 75
PER CONCLUDERE

RIFERIMENTI
Il rapporto tra pianificazione e ambiente nella legislazione.
LEGGI NAZIONALI
Codice Ambiente Dlgs 152/2006
Lavori pubblici
Legge 11 febbraio 1994, n. 109 La legge quadro in materia
di lavori pubblici … e s.m.i.
Leggi regionali
Urbanistica Governo del territorio … (!?!?)
Luca Marescotti

67 / 75
PER CONCLUDERE

RIFERIMENTI
Arnold M. Howitt and Herman B. Leonard, editors, with David Giles,
Managing Crises: Responses to Large-Scale Emergencies, Washington:
CQ Press, 2009, 978-0872895706.
Marino Folin (a cura di), A. Cagnato, G. Ferrero, M. Folin, G. Hermanin,
F. Indovina, M. Piana, S. Potenza, M. Savoia, Opere pubbliche, Lavori
Pubblici, Capitale Fisso sociale, Angeli, Milano, 1978.

Luca Marescotti

68 / 75
PER CONCLUDERE: IL CONTESTO

UN PIANETA DINAMICO

Luca Marescotti

69 / 75
Permiano. Ultimo periodo dell'era paleozoica
300÷250 milioni di anni fa.

Luca Marescotti

70 / 75
Cretacico o Cretaceo. Ultimo periodo dell'era mesozoica
135÷65 milioni di anni fa.

Terre

Piattaforme carbonatica marina
bassa profondità

Luca Marescotti

Piattaforma marina

71 / 75

Oceano profondo

Sconosciuto (coperto dal ghiaccio)
Olocene. Ultimo periodo dell'era neozoica da 1,8 milioni
di anni fa a oggi.

Luca Marescotti

72 / 75
Olocene. Ultimo periodo dell'era neozoica da 1,8 milioni
di anni fa a oggi.

Luca Marescotti

73 / 75
PER CONCLUDERE VIVIAMO IN UN MONDO DINAMICO

BEFORE ACTING
WE NEED UNDERSTANDING
GLOBAL AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE
TERRITORY AND ENVIRONMENT ARE
PLANNING FOCAL POINT
Luca Marescotti

74 / 75
PER CONCLUDERE VIVIAMO IN UN MONDO DINAMICO

PER OTTENERE EMERGENZE
SISTEMICHE OCCORRONO
VISIONI E STRATEGIE UNITARIE
UN GOVERNARE POSITIVO E PROATTIVO PER L'URBANISTICA
Luca Marescotti

75 / 75

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Planning for Unprecedented Crises

  • 1. 5 marzo 2014 - 11 2014 Workshop Conoscenza e tecnologie appropriate per la sostenibilità e la resilienza in urbanistica Knowledge and Appropriate Technologies for Sustainability and Resilience in Planning Funda Atun, Maria Pia Boni, Annapaola Canevari, Massimo Compagnoni, Luca Marescotti, Maria Mascione, Ouejdane Mejri, Scira Menoni, Floriana Pergalani
  • 2. LAUREA MAGISTRALE DELLA SCUOLA DI ARCHITETTURA E SOCIETÀ Laboratorio organizzato da Luca Marescotti
  • 3. Cover 2014 Workshop Conoscenza e tecnologie appropriate per la sostenibilità e la resilienza in urbanistica - Knowledge and Appropriate Technologies for Sustainability and Resilience in Planning 5 marzo 2014 Luca Marescotti Urbanistica, opere pubbliche, lavori pubblici: una separazione forzosa. Planning, Public Works, Works for Public Administration: a forced separation
  • 4. Mappa mentale: i rami sono flussi informativi Luca Marescotti 4 / 75
  • 5. ENVIRONMENT IS “ALL” BUILT I rami che uniscono sono flussi di informazioni. Abbiamo bisogno di standard nei processi e di standard nei prodotti/manufatti Luca Marescotti 5 / 75 Di che cosa si parla quando si parla in Italia di standard urbanistici?
  • 6. ENVIRONMENT IS “ALL” BUILT Di che cosa si parla quando si parla in Italia di standard urbanistici? Luca Marescotti 6 / 75
  • 7. ENVIRONMENT IS “ALL” BUILT Per capirlo usciamo dall'Italia, Guardiamo da fuori, ascoltiamo altre lingue Luca Marescotti 7 / 75
  • 8. UN AMBIENTE “TUTTO” COSTRUITO Opere pubbliche, lavori pubblici, capitale fisso sociale La città come infrastrutture e insediamenti Public Works, Works for Public Administration, Social Capital costruita Cities as infrastructures, services and settlements dalla “collettività” built by “people” Luca Marescotti 8 / 75
  • 9. Public works many points of views Public works is the combination of physical assets, management practices, policies, and personnel necessary for government to provide and sustain structures and services essential to the welfare and acceptable quality of life for its citizens. The American Public Works Association (APWA) (http://www.apwa.net/discover/what_is_public_works) Luca Marescotti 9 / 75
  • 10. Public works many points of views (APWA) In the real world there is no one, ideal structure for a public works operation. Even though some public works services are considered “must haves” in every community, they may not be readily identified on a city organizational chart, or delivered in the same way, or to the same level, from one community to the next. In fact, some municipalities may not even have a department named public works. Although some functions are not common to every community, each of them will have such things as water, utilities, and trash collection—unquestionably. What IS in question is by whom they are delivered. The traditional concept of public works is that governmental units provide the services, own the facilities, and are usually funded through taxation. However, the situation often is not that clear-cut today, and other models also exist, which include publicly owned corporations and partial outsourcing. It’s not uncommon for the private sector to be involved in delivering public works services as well. For instance, some communities may own a fleet of trash collection vehicles, but other communities will contract out that service to private companies. It’s also common for a municipal engineering division to plan and design large construction projects but to contract out the actual construction work. The American Public Works Association (APWA) In fact, some municipalities may not even have a department named public works Luca Marescotti 10 / 75
  • 11. Public works many points of views Wikipedia Public works is a multi-dimensional concept in economics and politics, touching on multiple arenas including: recreation (parks, beaches), aesthetics (trees, green space), economy (goods and people movement, energy), law (police and courts), critical infrastructure are at times used The terms public infrastructure or neighborhood (community centers, social services buildings). Essentially, it represents any constructed interchangeably. object that augments a aesthetics (trees, green space), economy recreation (parks, beaches), nation's physical infrastructure as others. (goods and people movement, energy), law (police and courts), neighborhood Municipal infrastructure, urban infrastructure, and rural development usually represent the same concept but imply either large cities or critical infrastructure developing nations' concerns respectively. The terms public public works (dams, waste water systems, bridges, etc. infrastructure or critical infrastructure are at times used interchangeably. & However, critical infrastructure includes public works (dams, waste water hospitals, banks, and telecommunications systems systems, bridges, etc.) as well as facilities like hospitals, banks, and telecommunications systems and views them from a national security viewpoint and the impact on the community that the loss of such facilities would entail. Luca Marescotti 11 / 75
  • 12. Public works Precaution, prevention, emergency how much can we spend on public works? And for what? Ma quanto possiamo spendere in lavori pubblici? E per fare che cosa? Una controversia infinita, ma semplicemente politica. An endless controversy, but merely a political one. Luca Marescotti 12 / 75
  • 13. UN AMBIENTE “TUTTO” COSTRUITO Per rispondere a questa domanda, dobbiamo saper rispondere anche a queste altre: a che cosa servono le opere pubbliche? chi le paga? Perché? Luca Marescotti 13 / 75 … e poi … Quei servizi e infrastrutture proteggono tutti allo stesso modo? Servono tutti allo stesso modo?
  • 14. UN AMBIENTE “TUTTO” COSTRUITO … e ora che tutto cambia? Che cosa è normale? Che cosa emergenza? Luca Marescotti 14 / 75
  • 15. Public works Precaution, prevention, emergency The Novelty of Crises: How to Prepare for the Unprecedented by Arnold M. Howitt and Herman B. “Dutch” Leonard [draws on work previously published: Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol. 30:1, Winter 2006, pp. 215-221; Crisis/Response Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2 (June 2006), pp. 52-53, and No.3 (September 2006), pp. 54-56]. IN THIS ARTICLE Howitt and Leonard discuss the difficulties of preparing for unprecedented crises. While routine emergencies require enormous strength, the novelty of a crisis may call upon the creativity and improvisation of emergency responders to marshal personnel and supplies, reduce immediate dangers, and save lives. Luca Marescotti 15 / 75
  • 16. Public works Precaution, prevention, emergency Arnold Howitt is the executive director of the Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation, an adjunct lecturer in Public Policy, co-director of the Program on Crisis Leadership at Harvard Kennedy School, and an instructor at Harvard Extension School. He is also the co-editor of the book Managing Crises: Responses to Large-Scale Emergencies, which details how to effectively lead a crisis management team and understand emergency preparedness. Luca Marescotti 16 / 75
  • 17. Public works Precaution, prevention, emergency “Managing Crises” features a case study on Hurricane Katrina and what went wrong in the handling of the disaster. Fundamentally, disasters on the level of Katrina are chaotic, hard to manage, and unpredictable. A common characteristic of natural disasters is that half of what emergency response teams think they know about the emergency turns out to be wrong. One of the challenges of crisis management is that governments spend a lot of money and time on events that may not happen and are vulnerable to funding cuts. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provided a lot of money to prepare “Hurricane Pam,” an emergency response plan for a potential category three storm in New Orleans. Though Hurricane Pam did address some of the scenarios later experienced in Katrina, funding was cut before responders were able to execute all of the practice scenarios. One of the challenges of crisis management is that governments spend a lot of money and time on events that may not happen and are vulnerable to funding cuts. Luca Marescotti 17 / 75
  • 18. Public works Precaution, prevention, emergency Arnold Howitt “routine emergencies” not because they are in some sense “easy,” but because the predictability of the general situation permits agencies to prepare in advance and apply lessons from prior experience. “crises” The novel features may result from threats never before encountered: from a more familiar event occurring at an unprecedented scale, outstripping available resources; or from a confluence of forces, which, though not new, pose unique challenges in combination. Luca Marescotti 18 / 75
  • 19. Public works Precaution, prevention, emergency Arnold Howitt / “crises” Scalability And Surge Capacity Maintaining Situational Situational Awareness. Consapevolezza e sensibilizzazione Integrated Execution in Real Time. Addressing these core problems, particularly when the novel demands of a crisis must be met, means moving forward effectively in four realms: capabilities, structures and systems, people, coordination. Luca Marescotti 19 / 75
  • 20. Public works Precaution, prevention, emergency Arnold Howitt references: the early 1990s, California established the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS), 2002 statutory requirement for a National Incident Management System (NIMS) compatible with SEMS. Luca Marescotti 20 / 75
  • 21. Public works Precaution, prevention, emergency - Hurricane Pam A (PARALLEL) ADVANCED CIRCULATION MODEL FOR OCEANIC,COASTAL AND ESTUARINE WATERS - ADCIRC Hurricane Pam was a hypothetical, slow moving, Class 3 storm used as a worst-case scenario for New Orleans. The storm track and parameters were provided by the National Weather Service. The three movies show Pam as it approaches and passes New Orleans, at different zoom levels. Right-click on the image and select play to view the clip. The arrows indicate wind vectors, the colors indicate water levels with shades of blue showing a lowering of water surface elevation, and shades of red showing a rise. Luca Marescotti 21 / 75
  • 22. Public works Precaution, prevention, emergency Flow Trace Animation Transient Model Animation Luca Marescotti 22 / 75
  • 23. Public works -Precaution, prevention, emergency USA-Italia, a comparison The United States has approximately 19,400 municipalities of varying sizes, and Canada is home to nearly 3,700 more. In each community, whatever its size, there are needs common to all human beings that must be met through the provision of public works services. These needs are met on a daily basis by visionary, values-driven, and hardworking men and women who provide and sustain public works services in the best interests of their communities. The American Public Works Association (APWA) Luca Marescotti 23 / 75
  • 24. UN AMBIENTE “TUTTO” COSTRUITO … e l'Italia quanti comuni ha? Luca Marescotti 24 / 75
  • 25. UE: un continente urbano European Union can be seen as a Union of cities: 80% urban inhabitants by 2020. Approximately 1.600 urban areas with more than 50.000 inhabitants are defined as functional urban areas Luca Marescotti 25 / 75
  • 26. Urban frontrunners — cities and the fight against global warming Barcelona is becoming a leader in solar energy use, Malmö is developing a carbon neutral residential area London is setting ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets. Cities are joining in the fight against climate change. http://www.eea.europa.eu/articles/urban-frontrunners-2013-cities-and-the-fight-against-global-warming Luca Marescotti 26 / 75
  • 27. nelle città, con le città, per le città si giocano comportamenti, strategie finanziarie, acquisizioni di risorse Luca Marescotti 27 / 75
  • 28. A proposito di Barcellona Ecologia e pianificazione: Richard T. T. Forman, Urban Regions, Ecology and Planning Beyond the City, Cambridge University Press, 2008 Consulente per la pianificazione strategica di Barcellona Luca Marescotti 28 / 75
  • 29. Richard TT Forman, Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008 Forman sostiene... Nel prossimo futuro l'urbanistica dovrà essere indirizzata soprattutto alla pianificazione della aree libere interne alle regioni urbane. Dal punto di vista di: relazioni con l'ambiente [ecologia], valorizzazione delle risorse naturali, compensazione dell'urbanesimo. Luca Marescotti 29 / 75
  • 30. FOUR RED THREADS IN FORMAN “(1) urban regions, rather than cities or all-built metropolitan areas, are the key big objects today and in our future; (2) natural systems, or simply nature, and human uses of them in an urban region are of major importance; (3) all regional characteristics are changing, driven by growing populations, more cities, and diverse urbanization patterns; (4) using principles and a rich array of existing solutions, society can significantly improve every distinctive urban region.” Luca Marescotti 30 / 75
  • 31. Linee d'azione (a) maintaining diverse productive agricultural landscapes on the best soils; (b) concentrating rather than dispersing growth to reduce infrastructure and servicing costs; (c) investing in key areas for nature protection and nature-based tourism; (d) rethinking floodplain design to reduce flood-damage costs; (e) targeting a handful of pollution sources, plus creating stormwater wetlands, to increase a scarce supply of costly clean water. Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City Luca Marescotti 31 / 75
  • 32. Forman's Urban Region 150-200 km Luca Marescotti 32 / 75
  • 33. Ma questa è la dimensione della REGIONE LOMBARDIA, per intenderci 150-200 km Luca Marescotti 33 / 75
  • 34. ON CHECKING FOR PLANNING PROCESSES Capacità di pianificazione e di attuazione In primo luogo: integrare i processi, normalmente separati in settori non comunicanti In secondo luogo: descrivere dettagliatamente i processi e le intersezioni Luca Marescotti 34 / 75
  • 35. ON CHECKING FOR PLANNING PROCESSES Tecnologie di processo nell'urbanistica misure non strutturali Tecnologie di prodotto nell'urbanistica misure strutturali Luca Marescotti 35 / 75
  • 36. HOW CHECK PLANNING PROCESSES? Processi certificati e controllati da terze parti. Inoltre, compiti dei media, delle minoranze politiche, della popolazione è il controllo. Luca Marescotti 36 / 75
  • 37. Ambiente e città: la città come occasione Nei trasparenti successivi: L'analisi dei processi di progettazione e pianificazione mirano a sottolineare l'importanza di una visione strategica nel coordinamento tra i livelli di pianificazione (quadro programmatico) e nell'indirizzare la progettazione delle singole opere in una visione integrata realmente nell'ambiente Luca Marescotti 37 / 75
  • 38. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA Processi di pianificazione Valutazione e gestione degli impatti Integrazione dei punti di vista e integrità ambientale (aria-acqua-suolo sistemi interagenti) Luca Marescotti 38 / 75
  • 39. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA Programmazione economica piano Studio di fattibilità Progettazione preliminare analisi Progettazione definitiva Progettazione esecutiva progetto Esecuzione e collaudo Luca Marescotti 39 / 75
  • 40. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA piano analisi Il piano orienta le analisi: •rete stradale •ambiente •volumi di traffico •itinerari Il dettaglio delle analisi è funzionale al progetto progetto Luca Marescotti 40 / 75
  • 41. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA piano analisi progetto Luca Marescotti 41 / 75 Prima LE ANALISI DEVONO RENDERE COERENTE IL QUADRO PROGRAMMATICO Durante il processo LE ANALISI RIORIENTANO IL PIANO
  • 42. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO Luca Marescotti 42 / 75
  • 43. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO Compattare la progettazione Luca Marescotti 43 / 75
  • 44. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO Quadro di avvio della progettazione Definizione e impostazione Luca Marescotti 44 / 75
  • 45. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO A che cosa serve un piano? Come si formano gli obiettivi? Luca Marescotti 45 / 75
  • 46. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO Luca Marescotti 46 / 75
  • 47. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA ... and risk prevention, and precaution Ridurre i rischi sul territorio Rischi di incidenti rilevanti (RIR) Predisporsi per l'emergenza Luca Marescotti 47 / 75
  • 48. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO VAS Luca Marescotti 48 / 75
  • 49. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO Luca Marescotti 49 / 75
  • 50. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO Ricordate il ponte di Millau? Luca Marescotti 50 / 75
  • 52. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO TEMPI & COSTI Efficienza e efficacia Studi alternative e scelta della soluzione (congestione route nationale N9 vicino alla città di Millau): 1989 Progettazione: Michel Virlogeux con Norman Foster Dimensione: lunghezza 2461 m, altezza 341 m Costi 394 milioni € + 20 mil € (5%) Avvio della costruzione: 2001 Collaudo e uso: 2004 (in anticipo: un mese) PROCESSO DI PIANIFICAZIONE E DI PROGETTAZIONE Luca Marescotti 52 / 75
  • 53. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO Rivedere il processo Revise whole process Dal piano alle opere From planning to designing and making purchè le opere pubbliche siano (uso o proprietà?) un capitale fisso sociale, cioè beni comuni. Public works as commons Luca Marescotti 53 / 75
  • 54. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO VIA Luca Marescotti 54 / 75
  • 55. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO VAS VIA Luca Marescotti 55 / 75
  • 56. La definizione delle opere pubbliche GOVERNANCE Una visione integrata, Transcalare Transcisciplinare Gli obiettivi si formano nell'iterazione tra istanze generali e locali Global and local interaction Luca Marescotti 56 / 75
  • 57. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO Luca Marescotti 57 / 75
  • 58. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO L’INNOVAZIONE È DISPORRE DI STRUMENTI PER RI-ORIENTARE IL PROCESSO DI PIANIFICAZIONE E DI PROGETTAZIONE Luca Marescotti 58 / 75
  • 59. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: UN UNICO PROCESSO L’INNOVAZIONE È ORIENTARE RICERCA E OPERE PUBBLICHE NELLA COSTRUZIONE DI UN CAPITALE FISSO SOCIALE, UN BENE SOSTENIBILE E DUREVOLE Luca Marescotti 59 / 75
  • 60. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO VAS VIA Luca Marescotti 60 / 75
  • 61. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO sistemi di relazioni multiple tra piani ipotesi di sviluppo aspetti congiunturali SCENARIO DI RIFERIMENTO E SCENARI DI PROGETTO Luca Marescotti 61 / 75
  • 62. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO SISTEMA AMBIENTALE SISTEMA INSEDIATIVO SISTEMA INFRASTRUTTURALE Sistemi di valutazione SCENARIO “0” o scenario di riferimento Luca Marescotti 62 / 75
  • 63. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO SCENARIO 0 stato attuale come riferimento Suolo - acqua - aria agricoltura ricettori antropici rumore Luca Marescotti 63 / 75
  • 64. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO SCENARIO 0 riferimento pianificazione programmazione viabilità insediamenti Suolo - acqua - aria agricoltura ricettori antropici rumore Luca Marescotti 64 / 75
  • 65. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO SCENARIO 0 riferimento pianificazione programmazione viabilità insediamenti SCENARIO 1 tendenze -attuabilità dei piani efficienza degli interventi SCENARIO 2 Suolo - acqua - aria agricoltura ricettori antropici rumore Luca Marescotti 65 / 75 tendenze  attuabilità dei piani efficienza degli interventi SCENARIO “n” tendenze ++ attuabilità dei piani efficienza degli interventi
  • 66. VERSO LA PIANIFICAZIONE E LA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA: I CONTROLLI DI PROCESSO pianificazione programmazione SCENARIO 0 viabilità riferimento S C E L T A insediamenti VALUTAZIONE INTEGRATA SCENARIO 1 MULTICRITERI tendenze -attuabilità dei piani COERENZA efficienza degli interventi TRA ENTI DI GOVERNO SOSTENIBILITÀ Suolo - acqua - aria agricoltura ricettori antropici rumore Luca Marescotti ECONOMICA SOCIALE AMBIENTALE SCENARIO 2 tendenze  attuabilità dei piani efficienza degli interventi SCENARIO “n” tendenze ++ attuabilità dei piani efficienza degli interventi 66 / 75
  • 67. PER CONCLUDERE RIFERIMENTI Il rapporto tra pianificazione e ambiente nella legislazione. LEGGI NAZIONALI Codice Ambiente Dlgs 152/2006 Lavori pubblici Legge 11 febbraio 1994, n. 109 La legge quadro in materia di lavori pubblici … e s.m.i. Leggi regionali Urbanistica Governo del territorio … (!?!?) Luca Marescotti 67 / 75
  • 68. PER CONCLUDERE RIFERIMENTI Arnold M. Howitt and Herman B. Leonard, editors, with David Giles, Managing Crises: Responses to Large-Scale Emergencies, Washington: CQ Press, 2009, 978-0872895706. Marino Folin (a cura di), A. Cagnato, G. Ferrero, M. Folin, G. Hermanin, F. Indovina, M. Piana, S. Potenza, M. Savoia, Opere pubbliche, Lavori Pubblici, Capitale Fisso sociale, Angeli, Milano, 1978. Luca Marescotti 68 / 75
  • 69. PER CONCLUDERE: IL CONTESTO UN PIANETA DINAMICO Luca Marescotti 69 / 75
  • 70. Permiano. Ultimo periodo dell'era paleozoica 300÷250 milioni di anni fa. Luca Marescotti 70 / 75
  • 71. Cretacico o Cretaceo. Ultimo periodo dell'era mesozoica 135÷65 milioni di anni fa. Terre Piattaforme carbonatica marina bassa profondità Luca Marescotti Piattaforma marina 71 / 75 Oceano profondo Sconosciuto (coperto dal ghiaccio)
  • 72. Olocene. Ultimo periodo dell'era neozoica da 1,8 milioni di anni fa a oggi. Luca Marescotti 72 / 75
  • 73. Olocene. Ultimo periodo dell'era neozoica da 1,8 milioni di anni fa a oggi. Luca Marescotti 73 / 75
  • 74. PER CONCLUDERE VIVIAMO IN UN MONDO DINAMICO BEFORE ACTING WE NEED UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE TERRITORY AND ENVIRONMENT ARE PLANNING FOCAL POINT Luca Marescotti 74 / 75
  • 75. PER CONCLUDERE VIVIAMO IN UN MONDO DINAMICO PER OTTENERE EMERGENZE SISTEMICHE OCCORRONO VISIONI E STRATEGIE UNITARIE UN GOVERNARE POSITIVO E PROATTIVO PER L'URBANISTICA Luca Marescotti 75 / 75