5. INTRODUCTION
Immunodeficiency may be congenital or
acquired can affect B cells, T cells and
complement proteins .
AIDS is an acquired form of
immunodeficiency that affects the T
lymphocytes.
6. DEFINITION
Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or a
set of symptoms and infections resulting from the
damage to the human immune system caused by
the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) .
7. HIV belongs to the lentivirus subfamily of the retroviridae .
It is a enveloped RNA virus,120nm in diameter.
HIV-1 is more common worldwide.
HIV-2 is restricted to WestAfrica.
The virus has an enzyme reverse transcriptase which
transcribes the genome to double stranded DNA and is
incorporated into hostcell.
The target for HIV is the CD-4 helper t-cells, which are the
backbone of theimmune system.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
(HIV)
9. HIV IS A RETROVIRUS
DNA RNA PROTEIN
Reverse transcriptase
9
10. HISTORY
HIV was first Identified in 1981 in USA among
homosexuals .
Thailand was the first country to report a case
of AIDS, in 1984.
In 1986, a new strain of HIV was isolated in
West African patient with AIDS which is called
HIV-2.
In May 1986, international committee on
taxonomy gave a name called Human
immune deficiency virus.
11. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Thefirst AIDScasein India wasdetected in 1986.
Till 2005 around 5.2 million peoplewere
estimated to be living with HIVin India.
In 2007-People living with HIV/AIDS
2.31million.
Third highest burden in theworld.
Adult (15 yearsor above) HIVprevalence
0.34%
12. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Males > Females
Occurs in all ages and ethnic groups.
Age groups 25-44 years.
INCUBATION PERIOD : Uncertain i.e 2-10 years or
more .
13.
14. ETIOLOGY
HIV Virus
Contact with infected blood, semen or vaginal
fluids.
Unprotected sex with HIV infected person.
Sharing of drug needles
23. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Virus sheds its protein coat and converts RNA to
DNA in presence of enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Infects cells that have CD4 antigen.
Virus enters into body through any route.
24. Causes AIDS
Disrupt all membrane and cells of host
person and infected primary cells by HIV
Viral DNA integrate to host DNA and
duplicate it during normal division
26. WHO Clinical Staging of HIV
Clinical stage 1
Clinical stage 2
Clinical stage 3
Clinical stage 4
27. • Short, flu-like illness
- occurs one to six
weeks after infection
• Mild symptoms
• Infected person
can infect other
people
• Sore throat, fever,
skin rash etc may
be present.
28. • Lasts for an average of ten years
• This stage is free from symptoms
• There may be swollen glands
• The level of HIV in the blood drops to
low levels
• HIV antibodies are detectable in the
blood
29. • The immune system deteriorates
• Opportunistic infections and
cancers start to appear.
30. > The immune system
weakens too much as CD4
cells decrease in number.
> CD4 cells count below
200/µl .
31. LAB DIAGNOSIS
Direct tests
ELISA (enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic
assay)
Western blot antibody testing
Viral isolation in culture
CBC
Indirect Tests
CD4 counts
Lymph node biopsy
32. HIV enzyme-linked
immunosorbent
assay (ELISA)
Screening test for HIV
Sensitivity > 99.9%
HIV rapid antibody
test
Screening test for HIV
Simple to perform
Absolute CD4
lymphocyte counts
Predictor of HIV progression
Risk of opportunistic infections and AIDS when
<200
HIV viral load tests Best test for diagnosis of acute HIV infection
Correlates with disease progression.
33. Urine Western Blot
• As sensitive as testing blood
• Safe way to screen for HIV
• Can cause false positives in
certain people at high risk
for HIV
39. Prevention Of HIV/AIDS
HIV-negative Individual prevention:
Educate yourself and others.
Know the HIV status of any sexual partner.
Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every
time you have sex.
Use a clean needle.
Be cautious about blood
products. Get regular screening
tests.
40. HIV positive individual prevention:
Follow safe-sex practices.
Tell your sexual partners you have HIV.
If your partner is pregnant, tell her you have HIV.
Tell others who need to know.
Don't share needles or syringes.
Don't donate blood or organs.
Don't share razor blades.
If you're pregnant, get medical care right away.
41.
42. Obtain history of date of HIV diagnosis, CD4 count at time
of diagnosis, risk factors for infection.
Review patient’s present complaints, such as fever, cough,
shortness of breath, diarrhea.
Assess patient’s knowledge about HIV/AIDS.
Check the previously prescribed drugs of the patient.
Evaluate nutritional and general health status by assessing
weight, body mass index (BMI).
Assess the vital signs of the patient.
Ask about bowel movement patterns.
Find out as much as possible about patient’s lifestyle and
social support system.
43. Nursing Diagnosis
Ineffective airway clearance related to
obstruction or inflammation of the nose as
evidence by breathing in difficulty .
Nursing Intervention
Assess the patient’s condition .
Provide supplemental oxygen, as ordered.
Patient should be instructed to maintain
hydration level.
44. Nursing Diagnoses
Risk for infection related to immunodeficiency.
Nursing Interventions
Patient should be taught about importance of
personal hygiene.
Bathroom surface should be disinfected.
Patient should avoid persons who had infections.
45. Nursing diagnosis
Imbalanced nutrition – less than body requirement
related to malabsorption, anorexia or pain.
Nursing Intervention
Monitor nutritional status by weighing patient.
Provide diet high in protein and calories.
Assist the client in eating.
Administer prescribed medication.
46. Nursing Diagnosis
Disabled Family Coping related to crisis created by
HIV/AIDS, guilt and fear.
Nursing Intervention
Assess social support system of patient.
Spend some time with patient.
Promote interaction between client and others.
47.
48.
49. CONCLUSION : -
AIDS is a fatal disease. About 33.3 million people
living with HIV and AIDS worldwide. Education
appears to be the most effective way to reduce
the number of people affected with HIV. AIDS is
one such disease that does not have any
permanent cure. So it is important to have
adequate protection.
50. ASSIGNMENT
1) Definition of HIV and AIDS ?
2) Write down the mode of transmission ?
3) Explain the management of AIDS ?
51. BIBLIOGRAPHY : -
1)SHELTER, BARE, HINKLE, CHEEVER, BRUNNER AND SUDDARTH’S
TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING VOLUME -2 , 12TH
EDITION , PUBLISHED BY WOLTERS KLUWER ( INDIA) PVT LTD,
NEW DELHI, PAGE NO – 1574-1605.
2) JAVED ANSARI , DAVINDER KAUR , TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL
SURGICAL NURSING -1, PART-B, PEE VEE 2015 , PAGE NO – 1892-
1900
3) DR. S. N. CHUGH, MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING, APC-1ST
EDITION, PAGE NO – 746-751
4) SURESH K. SHARMA, LIPPINCOTT MANUAL OF MEDICAL SURGICAL
NURSING,10TH EDITION, PUBLISHED BY WOLTERS KLUWER
(INDIA) PVT .LTD, NEW DELHI, PAGE NO – 782-792.
