1. Solid Waste Management

2. Thought of the Day
Cleanliness is Half of Faith…
Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H)
Solid Waste Management 2

3. Waste
• Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes
that contain complex and sometimes
hazardous substances.
• Solid wastes also include sewage sludge,
agricultural refuse, demolition wastes, and
mining residues.
• Technically, solid waste also refers to liquids
and gases in containers
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4. Flow of Materials and Waste in
Industrial Society
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5. Sources
• Residential
• Commercial
• Institutional
• Industrial (non process
wastes)
• Municipal Solid Waste
(Construction and
Demolition)
• Municipal Services
(excluding treatment
facilities)
• Treatment Facilities
• Industrial
• Agricultural
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6. Functional Elements of SWM System
• Waste generation
• Waste handling and
separation, storage, and
processing at the source
• Collection
• Transfer and transport
• Separation, processing,
and transformation of
solid waste
• Disposal
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7. INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Source Reduction
• Recycling and
Composting
• Combustion (Waste-to-
Energy)
• Landfills
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8. Management Options IWM
(a) Interactive (b) hierarchical
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9. IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATED WASTE
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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10. TYPICAL COSTS FOR MAJOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
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11. TYPICAL COSTS FOR MAJOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
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12. Capital Costs
• Collection
• Materials Recovery Facilities
(MRFs)
• Composting
• Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
Facilities
• Landfilling
• Operation And
Maintenance (O&M) Costs
• Collection O&M Costs
• MRF O&M Costs
• Composting O&M Costs
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13. Regulations
• Floodplains
• Endangered Species
• Surface Water
• Groundwater
• Disease Vectors
• Air
• Safety
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14. Planning
1. Geologic, hydrologic, and climatic circumstances, and the
protection of ground and surface waters
2. Collection, storage, processing, and disposal methods
3. Methods for closing dumps
4. Transportation
5. Profile of industries
6. Waste composition and quantity
7. Political, economic, organizational, financial, and
management issues
8. Regulatory powers
9. Types of waste management systems
10. Markets for recovered materials and energy
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15. Materials Generated in Municipal Solid
Waste
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16. Materials Generated in Municipal Solid
Waste
1960-2005
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17. Solid Waste Management 17

18. Recovery for Recycling and
Composting
• Materials Recovery
• Durable Goods
Recovery
• Nondurable Goods
Recovery
• Containers and
Packaging Recovery
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19. Management of Municipal Solid Waste
1960-2005
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20. Source Reduction Terms
• Waste
• Source reduction (also known as waste
prevention) or reuse of materials
• Waste reduction and minimization
• Reuse and refurbishing
• Light weighting packaging
• Source expansion (opposite)
• Functional product groupings
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21. EFFECTS OF SOURCE REDUCTION
Economic
• Reduced pollution from trucks and disposal
• Less resource depletion from excess packaging
not generated
• Economic development of area’s reuse and
repair industries
• Reduced need for landfill capacity
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22. EFFECTS OF SOURCE REDUCTION
Environmental
• Choice of and extraction of raw materials
• Transport and processing of those materials
• Manufacture of products from those materials
• Use of those products
• Fate at end of life (life-cycle assessment)
Waste Composition
• As consumption changes, quantity and
composition of solid waste generated changes
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23. Light Weighting
• The process of reducing the amount of a
particular material per unit of product is
known as light weighting
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24. State Involvement
• Assistance
• Bans and Restrictions
• Deposit and Refund Systems
• Exchange, Donation, and Sale
• Taxes
• Reuse/Repair Industries
• Consumer and Student Education
• Unit Pricing for Waste Reduction - Can systems, Bag
systems, Weight-based systems
• Waste Audits and Source Reduction Plans
• Yard Waste Programs
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25. DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION
PLAN- Four Steps
1. Establish an overall source reduction goal
that is separate from the recycling goal with
specification of:
• The baseline year
• Target year
• Type of reduction to be measured (from the
current total waste generation levels, from
current per capita generation levels, or from
the projected increase)
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26. DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION
PLAN-Four Steps
2. Determine separate goals desired for:
• Generating sectors (residential, commercial,
and institutional)
• Materials (paper, glass, plastics, organics, etc.)
• Products (Styrofoam cups, glass bottles, tires,
cardboard boxes, newspapers, etc.)
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27. DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION
PLAN-Four Steps
3. Select unit of measurement:
• Weight
• Volume
• Weight and volume (preferable, if possible)
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28. DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION
PLAN-Four Steps
4. Selected measurement methodology:
• Waste audits
• Sampling (including weighing-in places such as
transfer stations)
• Surveys
• Purchases (tracking sales)
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29. Consumer Strategies for Source
Reduction
• Avoid unnecessary packaging
• Adopt practices that reduce waste toxicity
• Consider reusable products
• Maintain and repair durable products
• Reuse bags, containers and other items
• Borrow, rent, or share items
• Sell or donate goods instead of throwing them
out
• Compost yard trimmings and food scraps
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30. Construction and Demolition
• 136 million tons
• 2.8 lb per person per day to landfills
• Deconstruction Efforts
• Careful dismantling of structures before or
instead of demolition to maximize the
recovery of materials
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31. Special Events
Whole Earth Festival at the University of California
• Use of biodegradable utensils and can liners
• Separate collection of compost
• Promotion of foods that do not require utensils
• Serving foods such as pizza with a napkin instead of a plate
• Educational booths to inform people about composting
• Use of durable items (plates, utensile, etc.)
• Reward program for food vendors utilizing innovative waste
prevention programs
• Not allowing the use of materials that would require
disposal
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32. Toxicity Reduction
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33. TOXICITY-PRODUCT MANAGEMENT
POLICY
• Life-Cycle Analysis PRODUCTION
• Product Bans MANAGEMENT POLICY
• Packaging Policies • Clean Production
• Product Labeling • Design for the
• Targeted Product Environment
Procurement • Toxics Use Reduction
• Extended Producer • Integrated Pest
Responsibility Management
• Product Substitutes
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34. COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
1. The logistics of solid waste management
2. The types of waste collection services
3. The types of collection systems, equipment,
and personnel requirements
4. The collection routes
5. The management of collection systems
6. The collection system economics
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35. Collection Vehicles for Collection of
Source Separated Waste
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36. Layout of Collection Routes
The four general steps involved in
establishing collection routes
include:
1. Preparation of location maps
showing pertinent data and
information concerning the
waste generation sources
2. Data analysis and, as
required, preparation of
information summary tables
3. Preliminary layout of routes
4. Evaluation of the preliminary
routes and the development
of balanced routes by
successive trials
a) Route layout with overlap
b) Route layout without overlap
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37. Recycling Materials
The materials to be recycled
can include:
• paper
(newspaper, cardboard, m
ixed paper, etc.)
• glass
(amber, green, and/or
flint)
• Cans
(aluminum, ferrous, bimet
al)
• Plastics
(PET, HDPE, PS, PVC, PP, Waste Management
Solid
L 37

38. RECOVERY OF RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
FROM SOLID WASTE
There are three main methods that can be used to
recover recyclable materials from MSW:
1. Collection of source-separated recyclable materials by
either the generator or the collector, with and without
subsequent processing
2. Commingled recyclables collection with processing at
centralized materials recovery facilities (MRFs)
3. Mixed MSW collection with processing for recovery of
the recyclable materials from the waste stream at mixed-
waste processing or front-end processing facilities
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39. Technical Considerations in the
Planning and Design of MRFs
The technical planning and design of MRFs
involves three basic steps:
1. Feasibility analysis
2. Preliminary design
3. Final design
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40. Feasibility Analysis
• Functions of the MRF
• Conceptual design
• Siting
• Economics
• Ownership and operation
• Procurement
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41. Preliminary Design
• Process flow diagrams
• Prediction of materials recovery rates
• Development of materials mass balances and
loading rates for the unit operations
(conveyors, screens, shredders, etc.), which make
up the MRF
• Selection of processing equipment
• Facility layout and design
• Staffing needs
• Environmental issues
• Health and safety issues
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42. Final Design
• Preparation of final plans and specifications
that will be used for construction
• Preparation of environmental documents
• Preparation of detailed cost estimates
• Preparation of the procurement documents
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43. Materials Flow Diagram for Source
Separated Recyclables
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44. Material Flow in MRF for
Source-Separated Materials
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45. EQUIPMENT FOR PROCESSING
OF RECYCLABLES
• Manual sorting facilities
• Equipment and facilities
for materials transport
• Equipment for size
reduction
• Equipment for
component separation
• Equipment for
densification
• Weighing facilities
• Movable equipment
• Storage facilities
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46. Environmental Impacts
• Groundwater
Contamination
• Dust Emissions
• Noise
• Vector Impacts
• Odor Emissions
• Vehicular Emissions
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47. Hazardous Waste Categories
• Ignitability includes liquids with a flash point, at
standard temperature and pressure, less than 140°F
• Corrosivity includes aqueous wastes with a pH at or
below 2.0 (acids) or at or above 12.5 (bases)
• Reactivity includes unstable chemicals, violent
reactions with water, formation of explosive mixtures
when mixed with water, etc
• Toxicity includes poisons and other toxic substances
that pose a threat to human health, domestic livestock,
pets, or wildlife through ingestion, inhalation, or
absorption
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48. PROBLEMS OF HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS
• Health Risks
• Fire Risks
• Toxic Loading
• HW in Wastewater
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49. SPECIAL WASTES
• Batteries
• Used Oil
• Scrap Tires
• Construction and
Demolition Debris
• Computer and
other electronic
solid waste
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50. Scrap Tires Materials
• Synthetic rubber
• Natural rubber
• Sulfur and sulfur compounds
• Silica
• Phenolic resin
• Oil
(aromatic, naphthenic, paraffin
ic, etc.)
• Fabric (polyester, nylon, etc.)
• Petroleum waxes
• Pigments (zinc oxide, titanium
dioxide, etc.)
• Carbon black
• Fatty acids
• Inert materials
• Steel wire
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51. Cleanup After Disasters
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52. COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTES
• Composting is the biological decomposition of
the biodegradable organic fraction of MSW
under controlled conditions to a state
sufficiently stable for nuisance-free storage
and handling and for safe use in land
applications
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53. Typical Process Flow Diagram for
Composting
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54. Biology of Composting
Organisms actively involved in composting can
be classified into six broad groups:
1. Bacteria
2. Actinomycetes
3. Fungi
4. Protozoa
5. Worms
6. some larvae
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55. Classification
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
• aerobic decomposition
• invalidating anaerobic composting
Mesophylic vs. Thermophylic
• Mesophilic is the temperature range from
about 5 to 45°C.Thermophilic is the
temperature range from about 45 to 75°C
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56. Compost Phases
Lag Phase. The lag phase begins as
soon as composting conditions are
established. It is a period of
adaptation of the microbes
characteristically present in the
waste.
Active Phase. The transition from lag
phase to active phase is marked by
an exponential increase in microbial
numbers and a corresponding
intensification of microbial activity.
Unless countermeasures are
taken, the temperature may peak at
70°C or higher
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57. Compost Phases
• Maturation or Curing
Phase. In the maturation
phase, the proportion of
material that is resistant
steadily rises and
microbial proliferation
correspondingly declines.
Temperature begins an
inexorable decline, which
persists until ambient
temperature is reached.
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58. Environmental Factors and Parameters
• Nutrients and Substrate
• Chemical Elements
• Availability of Nutrients
• Carbon-to-Nitrogen
Ratio
• Particle Size
• Oxygen (COD, BOD)
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59. Moisture Content
Maximum
• permissible maximum
• optimum content
Interstitial Volume (porosity)
1. the size of individual particles
2. the configuration of the
particles
3. the extent to which individual
particles maintain their
respective configuration
Minimum
pH Level
Temperature
Mesophylic vs. Thermophylic
Composting
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60. Performance Parameters
1. oxygen uptake
2. temperature
3. moisture content
4. pH
5. odor
6. color
7. destruction of volatile
matter
8. stability
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61. Compost Systems
1. windrow
• turned type
• forced aeration
• static pile
2. in-vessel
• horizontal drum
• vertical silo
• open tank
Aeration Mechanisms
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62. Waste to Energy Combustion
Incineration Technologies Disadvantages
• The volume and weight of the • The capital cost is high
waste are reduced • Skilled operators are required
• Waste reduction is immediate • Not all materials are
• Waste can be incinerated on- incinerable
site • Supplemental fuel is required
• Air discharges can be to initiate
effectively controlled
• Incineration requires a
relatively small disposal area
• using heat-recovery
techniques, cost of operation
reduced
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63. Types of Solid Waste Incinerators
1. Open burning
2. Single-chamber
incinerators
3. Open-pit incinerators
4. Multiple-chamber
incinerators
5. Controlled air
incinerators
6. Central-station disposal
7. Rotary kiln incinerators
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64. Landfilling
• Landfilling is the term
used to describe the
process by which solid
waste and solid waste
residuals are placed in a
landfill a) After geo-
• Waste dumps or membrane liner
has been installed
uncontrolled land b) After two lifts of
disposal sites solid waste
c) Landfill with final
• Secure landfills for cover
Hazardous Waste
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65. Layout of Landfill Site
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66. Phases in Generation of Landfill Gases
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67. Gas Production in Landfills
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68. Leachate
A liquid produced as water
percolates through
wastes, collecting
contaminants
Composition of Leachate
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69. Waste Busters Lahore
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70. Waste Busters Lahore
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71. Transfer Station/Disposal Site
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72. For a Cleaner Tomorrow
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73. Thank You
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