Common Bone and Muscle Injuries Injuries-harm or damage. Disease- an illness that affects the person, animal, or pants. A condition that prevents the body or mind from working normally. 1.Fracture- a break in the bone. 2.Dislocation- occurs when a bone in the joint is displaced or has moved out of its proper position. 3. Sprain- an injury to a ligament caused by excessive stretching. It brings so much pain and swelling in the injured part. 4. Cramp- A strong muscle contraction that can be very painful lasting for a few minutes but massaging the muscle can often relieve the pain. 5. Bruise- muscles become black or blue due to blood clot when you get hit or when you bumped into something hard. 6. Osteoporosis- caused by thinning and weakening of bones usually experienced by elderly people. The bones become brittle and weak. 7.Arthritis- a common joint disorder characterized by inflammation of the fingers and joints of the body. 8.Rickets- a bone caused by a deficiency in vitamin D usually observed in children. 9.Polio- it is an acute infection caused by a virus that attacks the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord resulting to paralysis. 10. Scoliosis. Every person's spine curves a little bit; a certain amount of curvature is necessary for people to move and walk properly. How to take care of our muscles and bones?  Eat healthy food, especially dairy foods, which give your bones the calcium they need.  Get plenty of exercise and make sure that you protect your bones when you play sport.  Have a healthy well balanced diet and exercise every day. a healthy diet which has milk products, fish and meat will help your muscles to get the protein they need to build up to be strong and healthy. STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINES Stomach- is a big sack between the esophagus and the small intestines.  The stomach contains hydrochloric acid made by stomach cells. This acid kills bacteria in the food.  It is 12 inches long and 6 inches wide.  J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food and breaks it down into tiny pieces. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM STAGES OF DIGESTION 1. Chewing ( mouth and tongue)-When you chew your food it breaks up big pieces into little pieces that are easier to digest and swallow. 2. Swallowing (esophagus)-tongue helps to push food into the back of our throat. Then there are special throat muscles that force the food down into a long tube that leads to our stomach, called the esophagus. 3. Stomach-food hangs out in the stomach for around four hours. While the food sits there, more enzymes go to work on it, breaking down things like proteins that our bodies can use. The stomach kills a lot of bad bacteria as well, so we don't get sick. 4. Small Intestine - The first part of the small intestine works with juices from the liver and pancreas to continue to break down our food. The second part is where the food gets absorbed from the intestine and into our body through the blood. 5. Large Intestine - The last stage is the large

2. BONES AND MUSCLES
Bones- make up the framework of our bodies. We call this framework the skeleton.
 Bones are living, growing and changing parts of our bodies
Skeleton- provide support in the body.
 It also helps to protect the internal organs.
What do the bones do?
-The bones of the skeleton give us our shape and our posture. Without our spine (backbone) and leg
bones we would be unable to stand erect.
Interesting facts about bones
 We are born with 300 bones and end up to 206 when we grow up.
 If you look at a new baby you can see that there is a soft spot - called the fontanelle - on the top
of her or his head, which is a space between some of the skull bones.
 The femur (thigh-bone) is the longest bone in our body.
 Stapes (found in the ear) the smallest bone in our body.
 Our teeth is a part of our bones too.
 Our hands has the most bones in our body.It has 27 bones.
 Hyoid is the only bone not connected to another bone in the body. is a horseshoe shaped bone, It
works with the voice box and the tongue to help produce speech. V-shaped bone located at the base
of the tongue.
 The Toe Bones are the most fragile in our body.
 Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease.
 Bones stop growing in length during puberty.
 Bones are made up of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and other minerals, as well as the protein
collagen.
1. Spine- it has 26 bones which are like circles with wings on the sides and back. They are called the
vertebrae.
2.Ribs- make a protective cage around your lungs, liver and heart. There are usually 12 pairs of ribs,
each pair attached to the spine at the back. Each rib is attached to the ribs above and below it by
muscles and ligaments.
3.Skull- helps protect the brain.
4.Ball and Socket Joints-protects the eyes.

3. 5. Backbones- protects the spinal cord.
6.Pelvic bones- supports out body when we sit
Joints- the point where two bones meet and connect.
M
MUSCLES- Muscle is a soft tissue in the body of humans and animals.
 The Word muscle is derived from the Latin term musculus, meaning "little mouse".
 Muscles could be voluntary or involuntary.
 There are around 650 skeletal muscles in the human body.
 Its main purpose is to produce force and motion.
 All movement in the body is controlled by muscles.
SKELETAL SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Hinge
Ball and
Socket-
Gliding
a movement in one direction allow a rotating or twisting motion
allow the greatest freedom
of movement.

4.  Some muscles work without us thinking, like our heart beating, while other muscles are controlled
by our thoughts and allow us to do stuff and move around.
 There are three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
a.Skeletal muscle, the muscle attached to bones. They pull on bones to make movements.
b.Smooth muscle, for example, the muscle in blood vessels and the bladder.
c.Cardiac muscle, the muscle of the heart
Common Bone and Muscle Injuries
Injuries-harm or damage.
Disease- an illness that affects the person, animal, or pants. A condition that prevents the body or mind
from working normally.
1.Fracture- a break in the bone.
2.Dislocation- occurs when a bone in the joint is displaced or has moved out of its proper position.
3. Sprain- an injury to a ligament caused by excessive stretching. It brings so much pain and swelling in
the injured part.
4. Cramp- A strong muscle contraction that can be very painful lasting for a few minutes but massaging
the muscle can often relieve the pain.
5. Bruise- muscles become black or blue due to blood clot when you get hit or when you bumped into
something hard.
 Voluntary muscles are the ones that you
can control. Most of them move your bones
around.
 Involuntary muscles don't need you to
think about moving them. Some examples
are:
 The muscles in your heart, which keep blood
pumping round your body.
 The muscles in your digestive system which
move food down to your stomach and keep
moving it along your bowel until all the
goodness that your body needs is taken out.
Then they work to push the waste that is
left over out of your body.

5. 6. Osteoporosis- caused by thinning and weakening of bones usually experienced by elderly people. The
bones become brittle and weak.
7.Arthritis- a common joint disorder characterized by inflammation of the fingers and joints of the
body.
8.Rickets- a bone caused by a deficiency in vitamin D usually observed in children.
9.Polio- it is an acute infection caused by a virus that attacks the nerve cells of the brain and spinal
cord resulting to paralysis.
10. Scoliosis. Every person's spine curves a little bit; a certain amount of curvature is necessary for
people to move and walk properly.
How to take care of our muscles and bones?
 Eat healthy food, especially dairy foods, which give your bones the calcium they need.
 Get plenty of exercise and make sure that you protect your bones when you play sport.
 Have a healthy well balanced diet and exercise every day. a healthy diet which has milk products,
fish and meat will help your muscles to get the protein they need to build up to be strong and
healthy.
STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINES
Stomach- is a big sack between the esophagus and the small intestines.
 The stomach contains hydrochloric acid made by stomach cells. This acid kills bacteria in the
food.
 It is 12 inches long and 6 inches wide.
 J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food and breaks it down into tiny pieces.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
STAGES OF DIGESTION
1. Chewing ( mouth and tongue)-When you chew your food it breaks up big pieces into little
pieces that are easier to digest and swallow.
2. Swallowing (esophagus)-tongue helps to push food into the back of our throat. Then there are
special throat muscles that force the food down into a long tube that leads to our stomach,
called the esophagus.

6. 3. Stomach-food hangs out in the stomach for around four hours. While the food sits there,
more enzymes go to work on it, breaking down things like proteins that our bodies can use. The
stomach kills a lot of bad bacteria as well, so we don't get sick.
4. Small Intestine - The first part of the small intestine works with juices from the liver and
pancreas to continue to break down our food. The second part is where the food gets
absorbed from the intestine and into our body through the blood.
5. Large Intestine - The last stage is the large intestine. Any food that the body doesn't need
or can't use is sent to the large intestine and later leaves the body as waste.
The Liver and Pancreas
The liver and pancreas do a lot to help the digestive system along. Both work with the small intestine.
The liver provides bile (stored in the gall bladder) that helps break up fat into smaller bits. The
pancreas provides additional enzymes to help digest all sorts of food. The liver also processes the
digested food from your blood before it gets sent to various places in your body to be use
 The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food we eat into smaller components so
that nutrients can be easily absorbed by the body and the waste discarded.
 Our salivary glands produce around 1.5 litres of saliva each day.
 Bolus is the name of the small round slurry mass produced for swallowing as a result of chewing
and starch digestion.
 Once swallowed, bolus (food) travels down through the esophagus to the stomach, taking about 7
seconds to get there.
 The inner wall of the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid to help kill bacteria and, along with
proteases enzymes, aids in the digestion of food.
 Food found in the stomach is called chime.
 stomach rumblings (borborygmi) are caused by wave-like muscular contractions (peristalsis) at
the walls of the stomach and small intestine.
 On average, the human adult male's small intestine is 6.9 m (22 ft 6 in) long, and the female's
7.1 m (23 ft 4 in).
 The large intestine is approximately 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long.
SMALL INTESTINES
 It is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed.
 There are microscopic finger-like projections called villi covering the small intestinal walls which
increase surface area for absorption.
LARGE INTESTINES
 the large intestine is responsible for absorption of water and excretion of solid waste material.

7. COMMON AILMENTS RELATED TO DIGESTION
1.Ulcer/Hyperacidity- caused by not eating on time, too much intake of acidic drinks and food
2. Diarrhea- frequent moving of the bowel with watery stool.Infection in the intestines by
microorganisms.
3. Constipation- difficult elimination of dry and hard stool or feces.Lack of intake of water.
4.Appendicitis- inflammation of the appendix caused by irritation from undigested food that may
block it.
5.Indigestion- caused by too much or rapid eating or drinking,could be caused by contaminated
food.
6.Gastroenteritis- caused by bacterial infection from taking contaminated food and water,caused
by contaminated food.
KIDNEYS
 are two organs in the abdomen that are shaped like beans. They make urine (the yellow waste
water that comes out of the urethra.)
 Inside each kidney there are about a million nephrons.
 Nephrons are tiny filters catching all the stuff that your body doesn't need and sending it out as
waste.
 They are like washing machines for the blood in the body.

8. HOW TO TAKE CARE OF OUR KIDNEY?
 Eating a healthy diet so that you get all the minerals and vitamins that your body needs.
 Drink lots of water.
DISEASES
 Kidney stones can form in the kidney.
 Dialysis- is when doctors use a machine and medicines to do the work of the kidneys.
WHY KIDNEYS ARE IMPORTANT?
 It produce certain essential hormones.
Erythropoietin which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells .
Renin to regulate blood pressure .
Activate Vitamin D to produce calcitriol which helps maintain calcium balance in the bones.
 The kidneys filter the blood and take out all the waste in the blood. The kidneys send the
waste on to the bladder in the form of urine.
 Remove chemicals that your body doesn’t need.
 They keep the water level in the body perfectly balanced: So if you drink excess water, the
kidneys remove that in the form of urine. And if you drink less water, the kidneys pass less urine.
HEART AND LUNGS
Hearts
 is a hollow muscular organ, it continuously pumps blood around our body through blood vessels.
 The beating of your heart is due to the contraction of your heart muscles.It contract
involuntarily.

9.  The heart is about the size of your fist.
 heart is located in your chest and is well protected by your rib cage.
 The main parts of the heart consist of: the Aorta, the left ventricle and left atrium, and the
right ventricle and right atrium heart beats about 100,000 times a day.
 it constantly pumps blood throughout our bodies every minute of every day.
 The average heart beats 72 times per minute.
 So the main job of the heart is to pump blood to every part of the body.
 the blood carries oxygen and all the vitamins and minerals that your body needs to move, think,
grow and repair itself.
 The blood entering our heart is purplish-blue. It does not have oxygen.
 The blood exiting our heart is red. It contains full supply of oxygen.
 Illnesses including heart attacks, heart disease, raised blood pressure (hypertension) and
heart failure are called cardiovascular diseases.
HEART AILMENTS
1.High-blood pressure or hypertension- characterized by sudden rise of blood pressure.
2. Anemia- characterized by the blood’s inability to produce enough haemoglobin, the oxygen carrying
pigment of the red blood cells.
3.Leukemia- occurs when there is increase in white blood cells.
4.Heart attack- occurs when blood clot or fat get clogged in blood vessels which blocks the passage of
blood to the heart.

10. 5.Rheumatic fever- complication of throat infection.
LUNGS
 bag like organs used for breathing
 they would look pink and rubbery on the outside. Inside they look a lot like sponges.
 All animals that have a backbone and breathe air have lungs.
 Lungs are filled with over 300 million tiny air bags called alveoli. The alveoli carry oxygen into the
blood stream and remove carbon dioxide which is exhaled in our breathe.
 they enable us to breathe approximately 23,000 times a day!
 The primary functions of your lungs are to transport oxygen from the air you breathe into your
bloodstream while taking away carbon dioxide, which is released into the air when you breathe
out.
COMMON LUNGS AILMENT
1.Asthma- condition where a person experiences difficulty in breathing.
2.Rhinitis- characterized by sneezing, nasal discharge and itchiness in the nasal passage.
3.Bronchitis- characterized by persistent coughing and sometimes fever.
4.Pneumonia- inflammation of the lungs. A person has cough that produces a yellow-green phlegm.
5.Cold- marked by sneezing, runny nose, coughing, sore throat an sometimes fever and headache.
6.Tuberculosis- acute or chronic infectious disease of the lungs. It is highly communicable
disease.
7. Lung cancer- develops in response to prolonged exposure to irritants like tobacco
smoke/cigarettes.
BRAIN
 The brain is often described as the 'grey matter'; however the color is closer to a soft pink-
beige with an off-white cream color on the inside.
 It weighs 1.5 kilograms and contains billions of neurons.

11.  The human brain is like a powerful computer that stores our memory and controls how we as
humans think and react.
 is the center of the human nervous system, controlling our thoughts, movements, memories and
decisions.
 Our brain enables us to; move, think, learn, feel emotions, remember, dream, create, breathe, see,
hear, feel and taste
 brain contains billions of nerve cells that send and receive information around the body.
 The human brain is protected by the skull (cranium), a protective casing made up of 22 bones
that are joined together.
 The brain is suspended in Cerebrospinal fluid, effectively floating in liquid that acts as both a
cushion to physical impact and a barrier to infections.
 Your brain controls your body movements by sending messages to the muscles via nerves.
 Nerves are made of neurons, neurons work in a similar way to electrical signals – by sending
messages around the human body.
 The five main parts consist of the: cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, pituitary gland and the
hypothalamus
 The biggest part of the brain is called the cerebrum. The cerebrum controls our movements,
thoughts and memory, it consist of two halves and makes up 85% of the brain's weight
 The cerebellum controls our movement and balance the word cerebellum means little brain
 The brain stem is at the base of the brain it controls our heart rate and breathing
 The pituitary gland is about the size of a pea, its function is to create chemicals called hormones;
the pituitary gland receives information from other glands and makes sure that the right amount
of hormones are being released
 The hypothalamus is about the size of an almond; it is responsible for controlling hormones and
other functions including sleep, thirst, and appetite and body temperature.

12. FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN
1. It controls the voluntary activities of the body like thinking, solving problems, and memorizing details
and decision making.
2. It controls the muscle movement of our body.
3. It connects the brain to the spinal cord.
4. In controls the involuntary muscles of the body.
Proper ways in caring for our body
1. Eat a balanced diet.
2. Exercise daily.
3. Avoid harmful substances like alcohol, cigarettes and drugs.
4. Get enough rest.
5. Have a positive outlook in life.
6. Drink 8 to 10 glasses of water daily.
7. Keep your surroundings clean.