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4.1 towards social equity and cohesion vezzoli 14-15 (22)
- 1. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy course System Design for Sustainability subject 4. System design for social equity and cohesion learning resource 4.1 System innovation for social equity and cohesion carlo vezzoli politecnico di milano . DESIGN dept. . DIS . School of Design . Italy Learning Network on Sustainability (EU asia-link) Learning Network on Sustainabile energy systems (EU edulink)
- 2. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy CONTENTS . the socio-ethical dimension of sustainability . PSS: sustainable opportunities even for low and middle-income contexts . Distributed Economies (DE): a promising model for social equity and cohesion . S.PSS applied to DE a locally-based and small scale sustainable opportunity for all
- 3. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy [UN SUMMIT: RIO, JOHANNESBURG, RIO+20 (1992-2002-2012)] EQUITY PRINCIPLE “every person, in a fair distribution of resources, has a right to the same environmental space, i.e. to the same availability of global natural resources” THE SOCIO-ETHICAL SUSTAIANBILITY [EU, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, 2006/2009] SOCIAL EQUITY AND COHESION “promotion of a democratic, socially inclusive, cohesive, healthy, safe and just society with respect for fundamental rights and cultural diversity that creates equal opportunities and combats discrimination in all its forms”
- 4. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy . eradicating of poverty . promotion of principles and rules of democracy . promotion of human rights and freedom . achievement of peace and security . access to information, training, employment . respect for cultural diversity, regional identity THE SOCIO-ETHICAL SUSTAIANBILITY: ACTIONS
- 5. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy 1996: Rome, FAO summit: 185 countries agreed and committed to cut by half the number of undernourished people 2000: UN MILLENIUM SUMMIT: “Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)” (signed by 191 member states): 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger: . reduce by half, form 1990 to 2015, the percentage of undernourished persons . … 2. … … 8. … ERADICATING POVERTY international commitments
- 6. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy 2001: “STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2001” report United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the world bank . 1,1 billion people live on less than 1 US dollar a day . 2,7 billion people (half the world) live on less than 2 US dollar a day . 1 billion children (1 in 2 children in the world) live in poverty . 11 million children die every year before fifth birthday . 18 million people a year (1/3 of deaths) are due to poverty . 400 million have no access to safe water . 800 million people are undernourished . … ERADICATING POVERTY international commitments
- 7. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy 11.2014: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation) THE STATE OF THE FOOD INSECURITY IN THE WORLD ERADICATING POVERTY international commitments
- 8. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy 11.2014: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation) THE STATE OF THE FOOD INSECURITY IN THE WORLD ERADICATING POVERTY international commitments
- 9. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy IT IS NOT JUST A MATTER OF SO CALLED “DEVELOPING COUNTRIES” . in a global market companies in industrialised COUNTRIES are interacting with stakeholders of their supply chain, being in low-income and emerging countries . even industrialised COUNTRIES are facing poverty and problem with social cohesion this is why it is better to speak about low-income, middle-income, industrialised CONTEXTS THE SOCIO-ETHICAL SUSTAIANBILITY: ALL CONTEXTS
- 10. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS (PSS): SUSTAINABLE OPPORTUNITIES EVEN FOR LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME CONTEXTS
- 11. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy … in terms of (social-ethical) sustainability a question has been (UNEP, 2000-2002): IS A PSS APPROACH APPLICABLE TO LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME CONTEXTS TOO? IF SO, COULD IT ALSO FACILITATE TOGHETHER WITH ECO-EFFICENCY, EVEN SOCIO-ETHICAL ENHANCEMENT IN THESE CONTEXTS?
- 12. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy PSS IN LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME CONTEXTS: AN EXAMPLE
- 13. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy VIRTUAL STATION (OFFICES) Fortaleza, Brasil supply a full range of products, infrastructure (owned by virtual station) and services for a complete office. clients only pay for the periods of use; spaces are equipped with computers, printers, scanners, access to internet, TV, copiers etc; reception, personalised phone answer, answering and remittance of fax reception/transmiss. it is environmentally sustainable because infrastructure/equipment are shared (less needed) and most efficient are used + it is socio- economically sustainable because of no need for initial investiment facilitate the set-up of small company.
- 14. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy WHY PSSs ARE OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME CONTEXTS? focusing on a specific context of use > lead to local rather than global stakeholder (competent) involvement (empowerment) being potentially more labour/relation intensive > lead to a rise in (local) employment and the diffusion of skills focusing on access rather than ownership > reduce/avoid initial investment costs (to high), can be accessed more easily from all selling the unit of satisfaction rather than (only) the product > reduce/avoid (unespected) costs for repairing/maintenance that may determin product use interruption
- 15. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy “a Product-Service System innovation (approach) may act as a business opportunity to facilitate the process of a social-economical development in low and middle- income contexts - by jumping over the stage characterised by individual consumption/ownership of mass produced goods - towards a “low environmentally impacting” “satisfaction-based” advanced service-economy.” RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: S.PSS AN OPPORTUNITY EVEN FOR LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME CONTEXTS (FOR ALL) [Vezzoli et al., 2014]
- 16. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy “an offer model providing an integrated mix of products and services that are together able to fulfil a particular customer demand (to deliver a “unit of satisfaction”), based on innovative interactions between the stakeholders of the value production system (satisfaction system), where the economic and competitive interest of the providers continuously seeks both environmentally and socioethically beneficial new solutions” [Vezzoli et al., 2014] SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEM INNOVATION: A DEFINITION
- 17. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy DISTRIBUTED ECONOMIES (DE): “selective share of production distributed to regions where activities are organized in the form of small scale, flexible units that are synergistically connected with each other” [JOHANSSON et al., IIIEE, SWEEDEN, 2005] any other promising offer models for social equity and cohesion?
- 18. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy DISTRIBUTED ECONOMIES: TYPES . to produce energy (i.e. distributed energy generation) . to produce informations (e.g. wikipedia) . to produce software products (e.g. Linux) . to produce (hardware) products (e.g. 3-D Printing) … . to design (e.g. open innovation and crowd- design/sourcing)
- 19. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy DISTRIBUTED ECONOMIES: ENTERPRISES/INITIATIVES CHARACTERISTICS LOCALLY-BASED: start from local resources and needs, but could become open non-local or global systems + NETWORK-STRUCTURED: gain critical mass and diffusion potential by their connections in network
- 20. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy DISTRIBUTED ECONOMIES: SUSTAINABILITY POTENTIAL IF A DE: 1. gives to local users direct access to resources and increase local participation for the extraction, production, use and disposal (of such resources) > power to individuals and local communities > democratisation of access to resources > poverty and inequality reduction 2. use local resources that are conservative/renewable and low environmentally impacting > THEY MAY DOUBLE TIE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOETHIC BENEFITS
- 21. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: S.PSS APPLIED TO DE IS A PROMISING APPRACH TO DIFFUSE LOCALLY-BASED AND SMALL SCALE SUSTAINABILITY IN LOW/MIDDLE-INCOME (ALL) CONETXT AS FAR AS S.PSS: may reduce/avoid both initial investment and running costs and increase local stakeholder involvement
- 22. Carlo Vezzoli Politecnico di Milano / DESIGN dept. / DIS / School of Design / Italy RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: S.PSS APPLIED TO DE IS PROMISING APPRACH TO DIFFUSE LOCALLY-BASED AND SMALL SCALE SUSTAINABILITY IN LOW/MIDDLE- INCOME (ALL) CONETXTS “A S.PSS approach may act as a offer model able to facilitate the diffusion of various forms of DE in low and middle-income (all) contexts, i.e. locally-based and network-structured small scale enterprises and initiatives, fostering a re-globalisation process characterised by a democratisation of access to sustainable resources, goods and services.” [LeNS book: “PSS design for Sustainability”, Greenleaf, 2014]
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Let me tell you first social equity and cohesion and system innovation
- What are the contents of this part we will firstly call up to mind and deepen a bit more the sosioethical dimension of sustainable development we will see how PSS: sustainable opportunities even for low and middle-income contexts distributed economies: a promising model for social equity and cohesion distributed economies a promising PSS characteristic for sustainable innovation for all
- So, let us start going to the definition of socio-ethical dimension of sustainability that we already introduced in the frst lecture We may recall the definition given by the united nation in rio 1992 and then redefined in joh. summitin and rio+20 sumit in 2012 It states that “every person, in a fair distribution of resources, has a right to the same environmental space, i.e. to the same availability of global natural resources” or better, to the same level of “satisfaction” that can be achieved from these in different ways Even for this reasons i like to quote, When talking about the ocial ethical dimension, the of EU, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, 2006, I find appropriate the definition assumed by the European parliament in its document of 2006 called sds Were it is stated that by social equity and cohesion it is meant the: “promotion of a democratic, socially inclusive, cohesive, healthy, safe and just society with respect for fundamental rights and cultural diversity that creates equal opportunities and combats discrimination in all its forms” Well may be even a nice definition, but a very complex issue to deal with
- You may remember that when speaking about actions to be forseen to foster a socio-ethical sustainability The frst issue is that of reduction of poverty Other actions, thought in various ways connected are promotion of principles and rules of democracy promotion of human rights and freedom achievement of peace and security access to information, training, employment respect for cultural diversity, regional identity
- Among those issue the most prominent is that of eradicating poverty Let us give a closer loo to eradicating poverty and to the international commitment 18 years ago in 1996 in rome the food and agricultural organisation organised a summit were …. That ws followed in 2000 by a UN summit called the Millenium summit Were all the state members signed the millennium declaration containing the so called MDGs The 1st point if which was to erad. pov. and by 2015: …. ,,,, Anche in seguito a questo nel 2000 in un summit delle nazioni unite chiamato …. È stata firmata la … In questa I 191 paesi mebri delle nazioni unite si impegnavano innazitutto a … e facevano questo ponendo degli obiettivi precisi da raggiungere entro il 2015 e ricordiamoci quali sono I numeri drammatici della povertà Sinteticamente sappiamo che … Più puntualmente … We already remembered in the first lecture that acting in the socio-ethical dimension means first of all the eradication of poverty You know and we remembered the awful numbers of poverty 20% of world population uses 80% of natural resources . 1,1 billion people live on less than 1 US dollar a day . 2,7 billion people (half the world) live on less than 2 US dollar a day . 1 billion children (1 in 2 children in the world) live in poverty . 11 million children die every year before fifth birthday . 18 million people a year (1/3 of deaths) are due to poverty . 400 million have no access to safe water . 800 million people go to bed hungry every day [the world bank, 2001-2005; UNFPA, 2001-2005] And this could be summarised by the fact that the 20% … and …
- Well it was in 2001 when the world bank and the United Nations Population Fund Made a survey and produced a report on poverty wit the following numbers You know and we remembered the awful numbers of poverty . 1,1 billion people live on less than 1 US dollar a day . 2,7 billion people (half the world) live on less than 2 US dollar a day . 1 billion children (1 in 2 children in the world) live in poverty . 11 million children die every year before fifth birthday . 18 million people a year (1/3 of deaths) are due to poverty . 400 million have no access to safe water . 800 million people go to bed hungry every day [the world bank, 2001-2005; UNFPA, 2001-2005] And this could be summarised by the fact that the 20% of world population uses 80% of natural resources, this is why we are speaking about eradicating poverty
- But were are we now? As it should be clear when talking about the socio-ethical dimension of sustainability we are talking about the eradication of poverty Let me call up to your mind e recent report of the FAO (food and agriculture organisation) swoing a slight reduction of undernurishement in the wordl But still we have 805 million people suffering chronic hunger around the world. But the vast majority leave in so called developing world
- if we give a look at the number per dived per specific region of the developing world we can see that while in the asian and pacifican as well as in the latin american and caraiibena region we can see a decline the same did’t happen in africa both in the subsaharian and in the near east and northen africa we see a tremendous incresase in the number of undernurished
- I don’t want to discuss all the implication, but before going on I want to make a remark social equity IT IS NOT JUST A MATTER FOR DEVELOPING OR EMERGING ECONOMIES In fact, in a global market companies in industrialized countries are interacting with stakeholders of their supply chain, being in low-income and emerging countries even industrialized countries are facing poverty this is why i prefer to speak about low-income, emerging, industrialised contexts as well to avoid developed countries, if we think about environmental sustainability the model of industrialised countries is so daamging that we should call it underdeveloped
- In this frmework it is of our interest to see how PSS, strated to be seen as OPPORTUNITY EVEN FOR LOW-INCOME AND EMERGING CONTEXTS
- a question made by the UNEP to a group of researchers with a project aiming at the diffusion of the PSS concept the question in the UNEP context few years ago around the question: IS A pss INNOVATION APPROACH APPLICABLE even TO EMERGING/DEVELOPING CONTEXTS? IF SO, COULD IT FACILITATE (TOGHETHER WITH ECO-EFFICENCY) EVEN THE SOCIO-ETHICAL QUALIFICATION IN THESE CONTEXTS? IF SO, WITH WHICH PECULIAR CHARACTERISTICS?
- Let me give you a couple of examples of a product service system innovation coupling env. and socio-ethical sust.
- Fortaleza, Brasil supply a full range of products, infrastructure (owned by virtual station) and services for a complete office. clients only pay for the periods of use spaces are equipped with computers, printers, scanners, access to internet, TV, copiers etc; are offered service for reception, personalised phone answer, answering and remittance of fax reception/transmiss. environmentally sustainable: because infrastructure/equipment are shared (less needed) and most efficient are used it is socio-economically sustainable: because of no need for initial investiment facilitate the set-up of small company
- A part from case studies the argumnentation in favor of this hypothesis are basically the following First of all being PSS more eco-efficient on a system level, for an emerging context they are “cheaper” to be implemented at least on a mocro scale, easier to give answers to unsatisfied demands focusing on access rather than ownership > reduce/avoid the higher costs of initial investment, can be accessed more easily from all Secondly, being PSS characterised by a focusing on specific context of use, opening relationship with the final user Well these lead to local rather than global stakeholders involvement, becasuse locals are more competent on local requirements, and this should foster a local empowerment Fiunally being PSS more labour/relation intensive activities, because is higher the service share, this may leads to local employment arise and to a consequent competencies diffusions
- IN SYNTHEISIS AND THIS APPEARED THE FIRST TIME 11 YERAS AGO IT WAS HYPOTHIESED THAT psSYSTEM INNOVATION COULD BE AN OPPORTUNITY EVEN FOR EMERGING/DEVELOPING CONTEXTS, SO FOR ALL WHAT IS SAID IN THE unep BOOKLET IS THAT PSS may act as business opportunities to facilitate the process of social-economical development - by jumping over or by passing the stage characterised by individual consumption/ownership of mass produced goods - towards more advanced service-economy “satisfaction-based” and low resources intensive.
- Let me give you now a definition we adopted within the lens project we defines ee. SYSTEM INN. as: So I am basically speaking about PSS even touht taking away the PS want to give the same importantce to the stakeholdxer interaction innovation, and not only those with the user, normally called services
- TO GIVE AN ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION IT IS INTRESTING TO GIVE A LOOK AT THE OTHER PROMISING MODELS, PROMISING IN THE SENCE coupling socioethic + environmental + economic sustainability For what I can see among the few that are researcing on this issue, there is a “STRONG” EMERGING HYPOTHESIS The model of DISTRIBUTED ECONOMIES: “selective share of production distributed to regions where activities are organized in the form of small scale, flexible units that are synergistically connected with each other” [IIIEE, SWEEDEN, 2006] To have a visual idea of the shift from a centralised system to a distributed one it is usefull to have this image in mind
- In order for you to better understand what do we mean by distributed economies let us see so e type that you may recognise The most clear example that we will deepen later today is tht of energy production Here we speak about distributed energy generation, a generation of energy that is not made by a huge energy plant and then distributed to user, but is directly produced by the user If we talk about produce informations, the example could be wikipedia . to produce software products, the example could be linux the operative system that is open source and free of charge, being updated by different experts around the world If we talk about produce (hardware) products, that is the case of the 3-D Printing, by which we can produce some object in the place of use with smll machinary … . to design (e.g. sustainability maker project, EU life + funded project)
- Finally to make a synthesis ENTERPRISES/INITIATIVES IN DISTRIBUTED ECONOMIES promote system innovation with the following main characteritics: LOCALLY-BASED: start from sustainable local resources and needs, but could become open non-local or global systems + NETWORK-STRUCTURED: gain critical mass and potential by their connections in network SOCIOETHICAL POTENTIAL: direct access to resources > increased participation and power to individuals and local communities > democratisation of access to resources> poverty and inequality reduction
- Finally to make a synthesis ENTERPRISES/INITIATIVES IN DISTRIBUTED ECONOMIES promote system innovation with the following main characteritics: LOCALLY-BASED: start from sustainable local resources and needs, but could become open non-local or global systems + NETWORK-STRUCTURED: gain critical mass and potential by their connections in network SOCIOETHICAL POTENTIAL: direct access to resources > increased participation and power to individuals and local communities > democratisation of access to resources> poverty and inequality reduction
- In order for you to better understand what do we mean by distributed economies let us see so e type that you may recognise The most clear example that we will deepen later today is tht of energy production Here we speak about distributed energy generation, a generation of energy that is not made by a huge energy plant and then distributed to user, but is directly produced by the user If we talk about produce informations, the example could be wikipedia . to produce software products, the example could be linux the operative system that is open source and free of charge, being updated by different experts around the world If we talk about produce (hardware) products, that is the case of the 3-D Printing, by which we can produce some object in the place of use with smll machinary … . to design (e.g. sustainability maker project, EU life + funded project)
- In order for you to better understand what do we mean by distributed economies let us see so e type that you may recognise The most clear example that we will deepen later today is tht of energy production Here we speak about distributed energy generation, a generation of energy that is not made by a huge energy plant and then distributed to user, but is directly produced by the user If we talk about produce informations, the example could be wikipedia . to produce software products, the example could be linux the operative system that is open source and free of charge, being updated by different experts around the world If we talk about produce (hardware) products, that is the case of the 3-D Printing, by which we can produce some object in the place of use with smll machinary … . to design (e.g. sustainability maker project, EU life + funded project)