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• 167 oil fields and
• 242 gas fields
• Apx. 50,00 wells drilled
• Apx. 50% idle wells
Delivery times
Reservoirs with 3D
Never
Needing
update
Current
60%
10%
30%
The need
02© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved.
A significant proportion of global
producing reservoirs, with no available
‘live’ updated remaining oil map
Low oil prices
simulation models*
Maturing assets in focus
3D history-matching simulation study
* Estimated from LEAP Energy global experience
Source: Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC) UK
Source: Quandl
3. Mo-1 Mo-2 Mo-3 Mo-4 Mo-5 Mo-6 Mo-7 Mo-8 Mo-9 Mo-10
POSEIDON
Setup,
Datascan
Remaining
Oil Maps
Understand sweep patterns
and opportunities ahead of full simulation studies
Static
completed
Setup Init History-Matching
Forecasting
Advanced
Allocation
Opportunity
Identification &
Forecasting
Mature opportunities
without simulation (infill, idle wells, well optimisation, waterflood)
2-6 MONTHS
Perform multiphase production allocation
including uncertainties assessment
A game changer?
© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved. 03
Deliver More
5-8 more studies with the same resource
load (manpower & time)
Study 2
Study 3
Study 4
Study 5
Study 1
4. 4
ROCM formulation
Saturation is explicit solution of parametric
equation whose parameters are used in a search
engine to minimise a total objective function
3D coupled saturation and pressure equations
Saturation is implicit solution to differential equation
system, needing numerical solution
Search engine coupling
Objective Function
+
Well watercut &
GOR match
Material Balance
match
Gravity term
Porosity
Permeability
Velocity term
Saturation
Sinks/Sources
𝑺𝒘 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒕
= 𝒇 𝟏
𝒌, 𝒌𝟏 ∗ 𝒇 𝟐
𝝋, 𝒏𝒆𝒕, 𝒌𝟐
∗ 𝒇 𝟑
𝒕𝒗𝒅, 𝒌𝟑
∗ 𝒇 𝟒
𝒗𝒆𝒍, 𝒌𝟒 ∗ 𝒇 𝟓
𝑺𝒘 𝒕−𝟏
, 𝒌𝟓
ki = parameters used as
variable in search
Explicit proxy
~1000x faster vs numerical
Inverse problem solution
achieved within minutes vs months
ROCM Production Inversion Approach
1
2
© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved. 04
5. No simulation needed thanks to POSEIDONTM REMAINING OIL
Encroachment of gas cap
Oil rim target for well re-activation
or infill
Saturation evolution map
05© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved.
6. 06© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved.
Estimated saturation profile at producing and idle wells using
novel C-Track algorithm
Identified remaining oil potential Watered-out zone
Partially swept by water
Vertical saturation profile
7. TIME STEP 1 TIME STEP 2 TIME STEP 3
An effective method to determine and visualize the extent of contact movements within a well.
The impact of intervention (pre vs. post) on well flow characteristics can be readily estimated
using 3-phase inflow calculations.
perforations
Gas shut-off opportunity
Water shut-off opportunity
Pre Post
Liquid rate 1050 530
WCT 55% 15%
GOR 8,000 1,100
Estimated zone
production
characteristics pre
and post gas & water
shutoff
VT_2413
(for illustration purpose only)
ROCM - Complex fractional flow production
inversion of saturation and contacts
Effective
Method
07
8. Well reactivation, WSO/GSO, and infill
A structured assessment
© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved. 08
Re-activation Infill potential
9. Low High
Validation & Accuracy
STOIP (scm)
Initial Resource Distribution
Actual field outline modified and metrics removed to protect confidential information
© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved. 09
Validation of hydrocarbon distribution evolution using
simulator matched results as a complex synthetic dataset
Validation
Case Study Approximately 150 active oil producers & gas injectors multiple gas caps and
gas reinjection, double displacement (Aquifer+ Gas Cap)
Simulator
10. Approximately 90% with significantly reduced set-up and runtime
Time required to
generate matching
remaining oil maps with
100+ wells?
<1 week 3-9+ months
© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved. 10
STOIP (scm) Actual field outline modified and metrics removed to protect confidential information
Time Step: 1234
Low High
Evolving Resource Distribution
Validation of hydrocarbon distribution evolution using simulator matched
results as a complex synthetic dataset
Validation
Accuracy
Simulator
Validation & Accuracy
11. © 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved. 11
Validation & Accuracy
SIMULATOR
Time Step: 1234
Gas Saturation
POSEIDON
TM
Low High
3-6+ months<1 week
Time to generate
matching maps with 100+
wells?
12. First Time Step
Validating C-Track
Comparison of invaded zone by gas: Production
calculated gas-liquid contact using POSEIDONTM’s
C-Track Inversion algorithm allows an accurate
estimation of fluid distribution in the well:
SIMULATORPOSEIDONTM
Gas WaterOil
SSTVD
(ft)
Perf
GOC POSEIDONTM
GOC range from simulator
(diffuse flow conditions &
gridblock size)
Last Time Step
• Excellent accuracy of POSEIDONTM’s C-
Track Algorithm vs. simulation.
• C-Track allows to seamlessly assess OWC
and GOC in producing wells
• Log resolution prediction possible
In-well saturation prediction
12
13. Initial Time StepTime Step 1
Sg = 0.05
Sg = 0.21
Time Step 2Time Step 3
Sg = 0.29
SSTVD
(ft) Perf
Sg= 0.05
ROCM
Sg= 0.21Sg= 0.29
Predict contact Levels in idle & closed-in wells.
Quantify the benefit of perforation, surveillance
activities based on production inversion technique.
Convert Maps to Contacts
Saturation maps are converted to fluid contacts and
displayed on a synthetic log. This allows accurate
estimation of contacts in non-producing wells.
© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved. 13
Predict & Quantify
Predicted saturation log from
C-Track inversion
GOC at:
Time-based contacts tracking
Synthetic Saturation Logs
14. 14© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved.
An effective, time-efficient approach
6-12 weeks turn-around time
Opportunity
identification
Production
forecasting
Remaining oil
maps (ROCM)
• Independent remaining potential & forecast
evaluation
• Geological model realisation testing and
verification
• Robustness & uncertainty analysis
Uncertainty
analysis
GEOLOGICAL
DESCRIPTION
GEOPHYSICAL
REVIEW
GEOLOGICAL
REVIEW
PETROPHYSICAL
REVIEW
UNCERTAINTY
ASSESSMENT
Base case geo-
realisation *
Alternative
realisations
Data integrity
assessment
Advanced
production
allocation
* Either geological maps & well logs or maps
generated from full 3D model
16. “Updated remaining oil maps for all reservoirs none older than 6 months”
Candidates for idle
well re-activation
Determine wells to
be P&A
Sweep Efficiency mapping
Flood conformance monitoring
Well Add’perf
Water & Gas shutoffs
Pseudo-log generation
Surveillance
Chemical flood tracking
Identify and rank infill locations Incorporate allocation &
geological uncertainties
Maximise access to reservoirs
Add’ perf & idle well re-activation
Optimise drainage
Infill wells locations
Secondary
Recovery
Optimise sweep
EOR
Injection location optimisation
EOR implementation
candidates selection
Our Vision
© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved. 16
17. Validate and test static models through
the ROCM proxy
Develop uncertainty assessment to
complement existing 3D history-match
models
PROD9
PROD7PROD5
PROD3
Resolve traditional allocation issues for
wells, platforms and fields
Generate monthly contacts maps and
compliant with RMP process
Improve non-
simulation EUR
prediction of wells and
reliably assess Behind-
Casing Opportunities
(BCO)
Improve waterflood sweep by
identifying main sweep trends via
production behavior and developing
improvement plans
Sweep efficiency
Geology clearly
evidenced by
production
behaviour
Predict and display saturations in a synthetic log
Value as a standard
Pre and post simulation
Allocation
Sweep Efficiency
In-well activities planning
Reservoir Management
Predictive Analytics1
2
3
© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved. 17
6
5
4
0
5
10
15
20
1.7x 1.5x 1.3x 1.1x Correct
allocation
0.9x 0.7x 0.5x
Combined Sw and STOIIP Error (%)
Possible allocation
scenarios
Re-activation
18. Get POSEIDONTM through:
modules
Powered by:
POSEIDON™ DATASCAN
POSEIDON™ ALLOCATION
POSEIDON™ ANALYTICS
POSEIDON™ REMAINING OIL
POSEIDON™ PREDICTION
1
2
3
4
5
Standalone software & licensingReservoir management service
Service Software
POSEIDONlocate the remaining oil
TM
18
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Europe
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Asia
© 2016 LEAP Energy . All rights reserved.
Hinweis der Redaktion Due to the explicit nature of the saturation function, the ROCM numerical computation is 100x-1000x faster than conventional simulation (seconds vs. minutes or hours)
The inverse problem – finding a saturation distribution that honours material balance and individual well production – becomes solvable within minutes rather than months