Textbook Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1
Raw Materials of Life

2. Unity and diversity
Atoms: the building blocks of everything
Chemical bonds: hold atoms together

3. Element: composed of atoms with same chem. behavior
Most common in human: C, O, H, N

4. Atoms: protons, neutrons, electrons
Numbers of p, n, & e determine type and behavior

5. Atom/Element ID: name, symbol, number
Atomic number: number of protons
Hydrogen H 1 Chlorine Cl 17
Helium He 2 Potassium K 19
Carbon C 6 Calcium Ca 20
Nitrogen N 7 Zinc Zn 30
Oxygen O 8 Silver Ag 47
Sodium Na 11 Gold Au 79
Sulfur S 16 Mercury Hg 80

6. Molecule: combo of two or more atoms
H2O C6H12O6
H
C O
H C O H
H O C H
H C O H
H C O H
H C O H
H

7. Chemical equation shows atom/molecule changes
Same atoms on both sides of arrow
12H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

8. Atom: protons, neutrons, electrons

9. Atomic mass = protons + neutrons
12 C6 15 N7

10. Isotopes: different forms of the same atom or element
12 C6 14 C6

11. Isotopes of Hydrogen
1H1 (1 proton + 0 neutron): hydrogen
2H (1 proton + 1 neutron): deuterium
1
3H (1 proton + 2 neutrons): tritium
1

12. Different atoms / Same Masses
N7 (7 protons + 7 neutrons): nitrogen
14
14C (6 protons + 8 neutrons): carbon
6
14O (8 protons + 6 neutrons): oxygen
8

13. Bohr Model: planetary orbits

14. Orbital Model: Electrons in regions rather than orbits
Different orbitals hold different numbers of electrons (2, 8...)
Number in outer orbital determines chemical behavior

19. Structural Formulas for Glucose and Glycine
H
C O
H C O H
H H O
H O C H
N C C
H C O H H OH
H
H C O H
H C O H
H

20. Hydrogen Bonds
(+) (+) (+) (+)
H H H H
O O
(+) (+) (–) (–)
H H (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+)
H H H H H H
O
(–) O O O
(–) (–) (–)
(+) (+)(+) (+)
H H H H
O O
(–) (–)