In-Plant Training Report

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Sri Lanka Institute Of Information
Technology
Report on In-Plant Training
At
Civil & Structural Engineering Consultants (PVT).Ltd
Name: Samraweera S.R.L.L
Registered No: EN13529932
Course: Civil Engineering
Field of Specialization: Construction of Super Structures & Pile Construction
Period of Training: 3 Months

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Abstract
This report is an in-plant training report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the B.Sc. Civil Engineering as per norms of Sri Lanka Institute of Information
Technology. The author visited the site for construction of super structure at Lotus Tower
Colombo & pile construction of Avic Astoria Residence Colombo 03 during this training
period and attained technical knowledge and practical experience, after which was able to
compile this report .The report consist of brief study and description of materials, equipment
and procedures used at the site for construction. Author put his best to elaborate the actual
site conditions and problem faced at site and the strategy used to deal with them.
The main objective in this report to present the fundamental aspects of practical requirements.
The sites in this report the objective was to introduce, wherever necessary material which
embodies the most advanced and recent methodologies.
Chapter 1 Discusses introduction to vision & mission, organization profile and Service
management. Chapter 2 discusses training experience and it contain summery of duties,
project involved and problem encountered & approach of solving and Chapter 3 deal with the
conclusion.
In spite of every care taken, it is possible that some errors might have been left unnoticed the
author sincerely welcomes the constructive criticism for improving report.

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Acknowledgement
First and fore most may I take this opportunity to thank all those who collaborated with me to
make a success of this venture. Generally my gratitude is forwarded to the Sri Lanka Institute
Information Technology (SLLIT) for its direction and invaluable advice given. Especially my
humble thanks and regards are mentioned to our Industrial Training Coordinator Mr.
Kalyanapala and the Departmental Adviser of Civil Engineering Dr.G.N. Samarasekara.
Civil & Structural Engineering Consultants company which was given this great opportunity
I highly appreciate and more over the person who directed advised us in our enterprise is Mr.
Shiromal Fernando who is one of the leading structural engineer in Sri Lanka and he has
been responsible for many high rise buildings in this country.

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Table of Contents
Abstract....................................................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. ii
List of Figures........................................................................................................................................ iv
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... vi
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Company profile ........................................................................................................................1
1.2. Company Vision ........................................................................................................................1
1.3 .Mission.......................................................................................................................................1
1.4. Services......................................................................................................................................2
2. Training Experience .........................................................................................................................4
2.1. Training Experience in Lotus Tower ...............................................................................................4
2.1.1. Materials ...............................................................................................................................6
2.1.2. Equipment.............................................................................................................................9
2.1.3. Duties carried out in Lotus..................................................................................................11
2.2. Training experience at Avic Astoria Residence.............................................................................17
2.2.1. Materials .............................................................................................................................18
2.2.2. Equipment...........................................................................................................................20
2.2.3. Summary of site work in Avic Astoria ...............................................................................24
2.2.4. Duties at Avic Astoria.........................................................................................................27
2.2.5. Problems encountered in Avic............................................................................................34
3. Conclusion......................................................................................................................................35
References.............................................................................................................................................36
Appendices ...........................................................................................................................................36

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List of Figures
Figure 01: TRCSL Logo .........................................................................................................................4
Figure 02: Moratuwa University Logo ...................................................................................................4
Figure 03: CEIEC Logo..........................................................................................................................4
Figure 04:Lotus Tower ...........................................................................................................................5
Figure 05:Front Elevation of Lotus Tower .............................................................................................5
Figure 06: Reinforcement Diagram of Tower Body Inner Tube ............................................................7
Figure 07: Walls of Lift (Elevators) & Wall of Stair Case .....................................................................7
Figure 08: Reinforcement Diagram of Outer Tube.................................................................................8
Figure 09: Post-Tension cables...............................................................................................................8
Figure 10: Tower Crane..........................................................................................................................9
Figure 11: Concrete Vibrator................................................................................................................10
Figure 12: Concrete placing boom........................................................................................................10
Figure 13: Concrete Ingredients............................................................................................................11
Figure 14: Measuring scalar with wet sand sample ..............................................................................12
Figure 15: Heating the sample of aggregate & sand.............................................................................12
Figure 16: Measuring weights of dry samples......................................................................................12
Figure 17: Hydraulic Anchor Pull Out Testing Kit...............................................................................14
Figure 18: Installing hydraulic disc in to steel bar................................................................................14
Figure 19: Adjusting gauge in to zero...................................................................................................14
Figure 20: Appling pressure force ........................................................................................................15
Figure 21: Client Logo..........................................................................................................................17
Figure 22: Consultant Logo ..................................................................................................................17
Figure 23: Contractor Logo ..................................................................................................................17
Figure 24: Proposed Building ...............................................................................................................17
Figure 25: Site Location........................................................................................................................18
Figure 26: Sample of C30 Concrete......................................................................................................19
Figure 27: Steel Lot ..............................................................................................................................19
Figure 28: Sample of Bentonite Fluid..................................................................................................20
Figure 29: BG 26 Machine ...................................................................................................................20
Figure 30: Crane………………………………………………………………………………………22
Figure 31: Tremie pipes........................................................................................................................22
Figure 32: Excavator.............................................................................................................................22
Figure 33: Auto Level...........................................................................................................................22
Figure 34: Total Station ........................................................................................................................23

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Figure 35: De-Sander (BE170) .............................................................................................................23
Figure 36: Rebar Thread Rolling Machine ...........................................................................................23
Figure 37: Setting out points.................................................................................................................24
Figure 38: Casing Installation...............................................................................................................24
Figure 39: Checking Verticality of Casing .........................................................................................24
Figure 40: Rechecking Casing Center Coordinates ..............................................................................24
Figure 41: Boring Work........................................................................................................................25
Figure 42: De Sanding Process.............................................................................................................25
Figure 43: Installation of Reinforcement cage......................................................................................25
Figure 44: Installing Tremie pipe System in to Bored pile ................................................................26
Figure 45: Concreting ..........................................................................................................................26
Figure 46: Casing Removal ..................................................................................................................26
Figure 47: Mud Balance Kit..................................................................................................................27
Figure 48: Filling Bentonite in to Cup..................................................................................................27
Figure 49: Closing cup with Vent Hole ................................................................................................27
Figure 50: Seating Mud Balance on to Fulcrum...................................................................................28
Figure 51: Density Reading ..................................................................................................................28
Figure 52: Marsh Funnel with Cup.......................................................................................................28
Figure 53: Filling Bentonite in to Marsh Funnel ..................................................................................29
Figure 54: Measuring time for fill the cup............................................................................................29
Figure 55: Apparatus of PIT .................................................................................................................29
Figure 56: Clean the surface of the pile head........................................................................................30
Figure 57: Attach the Accelerometer…………………… ....................................................................30
Figure 58: Tap the pile head with a hammer .....................................................................................30
Figure 59: Record the Wave Details.....................................................................................................30
Figure 60: Test Result of 900mm Diameter Pile &1200mm Pile.........................................................30
Figure 61: Apparatus of Dynamic Pile Test..........................................................................................31
Figure 62: Pile Head Covered with a steel Casing................................................................................31
Figure 63: Measuring Staff reading ......................................................................................................32
Figure 64: Guide frame with Steel Loads .............................................................................................32
Figure 65: Lifting steel loads upward by using Hydraulic jack............................................................32
Figure 66: Releasing Loads in to Pile Top............................................................................................33
Figure 67: Measuring Results ...............................................................................................................33
Figure 68: PDA Results ........................................................................................................................33
Figure 69: Elevation Diagram...............................................................................................................37

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List of Tables
Table 01: Project details..........................................................................................................................3
Table 02: C50 Concrete Mixture Ratio...................................................................................................6
Table 03: Reinforcement details of Inner Tube ......................................................................................7
Table 04: Reinforcement details of Walls of Lift (Elevators) & Wall of Stair Case ..............................7
Table 05: Reinforcement details of Wall of Outer Tube.........................................................................8
Table 06: Results of tested specimen....................................................................................................15
Table 07: Details of Structural Piles .....................................................................................................18
Table 08: Mix Design of C30 ...............................................................................................................19
Table 09: Specifications of steel bars ...................................................................................................19
Table 10: Properties of Bentonite Fluid................................................................................................20
Table 11: Specifications of BG Machines ............................................................................................20
Table 12: General details of Drilling Tools used at the site..................................................................21

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1. Introduction Chapter 1
1.1. Company profile
Civil & Structural Engineering Consultants (Pvt).Ltd in Brief
Civil and Structural Engineering Consultants (Pvt).Ltd, more commonly known as ‘CSE
Consultants’ is a state of the art consultancy firm comprising some of the prominent Structural
Engineers in the industry and academia. CSE strives to maintain a high level of quality in its
services and aims to be the trend setter in the industry through innovation, state of the art
technologies and excellence in engineering. Being able to undertake well over 100 projects
within a short span since its establishment reflects the unmatched potential of the dynamic
team.
CSE is Honorary Chaired by Prof. Priyan Mendis; a world renowned Structural Engineer who
has been a consultant for many prestigious and landmark projects across the
globe including Burj Kalifa, the world’s tallest building. He is a former Discipline Head of
Civil Engineering at the Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne,
Australia.
The Managing Director Eng. Shiromal Fernando is one of the leading structural engineers in
Sri Lanka, who has been the Principal Structural Engineer for many high-rise
buildings including the tallest building in Sri Lanka. He is the present Country Representative
for ‘Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat (CTBUH)’, the apex body of tall building
professionals across the globe & a Director at Green Building Council of Sri Lanka.
CSE is now engaged in some of the landmark projects in Sri Lanka and overseas. CSE strongly
intends to expand its services in the Civil and Structural Engineering and intends to be one of
the best engineering consortiums in the world and contribute to the development of the country
and world at large.
1.2. Company Vision
To be the resource and knowledge base in the field of Structural Engineering.
1.3. Mission
Maintaining professional standards for structural engineering, ensuring continued technical
excellence, advancing safety, creativity and innovation across the built environment and
promoting sustainable approaches in engineering solutions, supporting engineers as they
protect, influence and take forward our environment’s conservation responsibility.

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1.4. Services
1. Structural Engineering Consultancy
2. Advanced Protective Technology for Engineering Structures
3. Green Consultancy
4. Other Services
Structural Engineering Consultancy
Structural Analysis and design
 Modelling and Analysis of new designs – CSE provide structural analysis and
structural modelling with the use of advance structural analysis and design software.
The service will be provided as a whole project and also as a part of a project.
 Structural Design – Being specialize in undertaking structural concrete and Structural
steel design CSE is always keen on providing a cost effective design for project
considering Financial, Economic, Environmental and Social Sustainability.
 Structural Detailing
 Structural Drafting
Seismic Design
 Seismic evaluation
 Seismic strengthening for existing structures
Investigation of Alteration & Failures
 Additions and alteration to the existing buildings
 Investigation of failures
 Structural evaluation and remedial measures
Structural Audit Services
 Design / peer reviews and certification – CSE holds expertise in providing excellent
Structural Audit Services. It is a preliminary technical survey that is efficiently carried
out by highly qualified engineers. The basic idea of this service is to assess the civil
engineering structure of buildings.

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Ongoing & and Past Projects
CSEC Company has been under take so many projects in Sri Lanka. Some projects included
in below table.
Table 01: Project details
Project Location Situation
Lotus Tower:The lotus-shaped tower will be used
for communication, observation and other leisure
facilities
D.R Wijewardana Mawatha,
Colombo 10.
Under
Construction
Avic Astoria Residence: Proposed for Apartments,
hotels & Commercial Buildings
39,De
Mawatha,Kollupitiya,Colo
mbo03
Under
Construction
Proposed 40 storied 5 Star Deluxe Hotel and
Apartments for Lankem Ceylon PLC
Near Beira Lake Proposed
JKH Waterfront Resort No. 130, Glennie Street,
Colombo 02.
Under
Construction
Altair Colombo Sir James Pieris Mawatha,
Colombo 00200, Sri Lanka
Under
Construction

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1. Training Experience Chapter 2
2.1. Training Experience in Lotus Tower
Project over view-Lotus Tower
The Colombo Lotus Tower in the democratic socialist republic of Sri Lanka is located by the
lakeside of Beria Lake, with the height of 360m and the total building area of 2998m2
, among
which the building area of tower base is 19461m2
and that of tower house is 7537m2
.The
whole structure of the tower consists of tower body (including tower foundation), tower base,
tower house and mast.
The tower body is cylindrical reinforce concrete structure with top elevation 263.100m and
the length of the mast is 86.900m, in which the concrete mast is 27.600m and steel mast is
59.300m.
The tower base is a frame structure with on floor under ground and three floors above
ground, which is built enclosing to tower body and is connected with tower base. The tower
house is an eight-floor steel frame structure over tower body. The whole tower structure is
attached to and supported by the tower body.
People who involved in to this project
Client: TELECOMMUNICATION REGURAROTY COMMISSION OF SRI LANKA
(TRCSL)
Figure 01: TRCSL Logo
Project Consultancy Unit: FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF
MORATOWA
Figure 02: Moratuwa University Logo
Design & Built Contractor: CHINA ELECTRONICS IMPORT & EXPORT COPORATION
(CESC)
Figure 03: CEIEC Logo

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Figure 04: Lotus Tower Figure 05: Front elevation of Lotus Tower
The elevation +/- 0.000 in this project is equivalent to the Sri Lanka elevation of 6.050m.
 The designed reference period of structure is 50 years and the designed service life is
50 years, the load and seismic action is same with tower body.

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2.1.1 Materials
Concrete
 Supporting structure of tower house (inclined wall, inclined column 215.000m floor
structure)-C50
 Beams and slabs of other parts-C35
 Durability of concrete
1. The water-cement ratio should be less than 0.45
2. The maximum chloride content is 0.06%
3. The maximum alkaline content is 3.0 Kg/mm2
 Mix design of Grade C50 Concrete
Table 02:C50 Mix Design
Designed Strength Grade C50
Required slump 220mm
Cement type Portland pozzolana Cement (P.P.C)
Manufacturer Holcim (Lanka) LTD
Maximum Aggregate Type 5-20mm
Admixture Name ART-JR2
Additive Name Fly Ash
Table 02: C50 Concrete Mixture Ratio
Strength Grade C35 Water-Binder
Ratio
0.40 Water-Cement
Ratio
0.40 Sand Ratio 50%
Material Cement Water Sand Aggregates Admixture Additive
5mm 20mm
Quantity 455Kgm-3
178Kgm-3
796Kgm-3
778Kgm-3
194Kgm-3
7.1Kgm-3
51Kgm-3

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Steel
Reinforcement Details
 Inner Tube
Table 03: Reinforcement details of Inner Tube
Figure 06: Reinforcement Diagram of Tower Body Inner Tube
 Walls of Lift (Elevators) & Wall of Stair Case
Table 04: Reinforcement details of Walls of Lift (Elevators) & Wall of Stair Case
Figure 07: Walls of Lift (Elevators) & Wall of Stair Case
Elevation Wall
thickness
(mm)
Longitudinal
Reinforcement
Horizontal
Reinforcement
Wall
thickness
(mm)
Longitudinal
Reinforcement
Horizontal
Reinforcement
20.400-
253.800
200 14@150 14@150 250 16@150 14@150
Elevation External
Diameter(mm)
Thickness(mm) Longitudinal
Reinforcement
Circular Horizontal
Reinforcement
20.400-75.000 14500 350 20@150 16@150

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 Wall of Outer Tube
Table 05: Reinforcement details of Wall of Outer Tube
Figure 08: Reinforcement diagram of Outer Tube
Post-tension method in outer wall
Figure 09: Post-Tension Cables
Elevation Exte
rnal
Dia
mete
r(m
m)
Wall
thickness
(mm)
Petal
thickness
(mm)
Outer
longitudin
al
reinforcem
ent(1)
Inner
longitudin
al
reinforcem
ent(2)
Circular
Horizontal
Reinforcem
ent(3)
Additional
Horizontal
Reinforcem
ent(4)
Additional
Horizontal
Reinforcem
ent(5)
115.00-
195.000
1500
0
600 200 300Ф32@
155
300Ф32@
146
18@150 16@150 16@150
Post-tension cables covered with GI pipes

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2.1.2. Equipment
Tower hoist
Figure 10: Tower Crane
 The tower crane used for lifting heavy building materials like steel structures,
machinery equipment like power generators, wielding machines; and other objects
from the ground level.
 Structural details
1. High of a truss shaped blocks-3m
2. Amount of steel jacks-6(recently)
3. Angle of Rotation-3600
4. Crane was balanced with counter concrete weights
 Basic Components
1. The tower (the mast)-The tower, which gives the height to the crane.
2. The control room-the Operating mechanism is given to the tower crane.
3. Working Arm- It can extends horizontally carrying a trolley which runs in and out
of the crane’s center carrying the load.
4. Steel jacks-Used to stop waving due to wind.
Steel truss shaped jacks
Crane control room
Tower crane truss (shaped) blocks
Working Arm
Trolley
Hook Block

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Concrete Vibrator
Figure 11: Concrete Vibrator
 The concrete vibrator can released the trapped air & water and the concrete settles firmly in
place in the formwork so this help to consolidate freshly poured concrete.
Concrete Placing Boom
Figure 12: Concrete placing boom
 A concrete placing boom was use at Lotus Tower construction to distribute fresh concrete
from ground level to upper level.
Concrete
distributing pumps
Compressor

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 Advantages
1. Easy to transport and set up
2. Secure handling & user friendly (handling by using the remote controller)
3. Grows upwards with the structure
4. Small space requirement
 Specification
1. Model-Zoomlion HCG29A
2.1.3. Duties carried out in Lotus
 Moisture Correction for C35 concrete mix designs
The Lotus Tower structure is being up with concrete, according to different concrete
mix designs & design specifications. Sand, aggregates, water, admixtures, additives
are the basic ingredients has been used for make Concrete mixtures and those
ingredients are available in this site.
Moisture was including in sand & aggregates due to current weather condition
surrounding the lotus tower site. The concrete is designed to with stand a certain
maximum load per area before failing known as compressive strength so, this
requirement is based on water-cement ratio. The water-cement ratio have to minimize
for establish to full fill this requirement by adjusting water amount (batch water +
moisture content in sand) as following procedure.
Step 1-collect sand & aggregates from the site.
Figure 13: Concrete Ingredients
Sand Aggregates

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Step 2- Measured the weight of Sand& Aggregate samples.
Figure 14: Measuring scalar with wet sand sample
Step 3-Kept the samples on heating plate until release the moisture.
Figure 15: Heating the sample of aggregate & sand
Step 4-once again measured the weight of samples (dry) by using electronic weight scalar.
Figure 16: Measuring weights of dry samples

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Calculation of C35 Concrete Mixture
Depending on site Condition a constant value is reduced from the moisture content. There for
the constant value obtained as 0.7.
Finding moisture content of sand
Wet weight of sand=346.8g
Dry weight of sand=324.7g
Moisture content=(
346.8−324.7
324.7
) ∗ 100
=6.8%
Finding moisture content of aggregates
Wet weight of sand=336.9g
Dry weight of sand=328.6g
Moisture content=(
336.9−328.6
328.6
) ∗ 100
=2.5%
Moisture correction
Weight of sand (According to C50 mix design) =887Kgm-3
Water content of sand =
887∗(6.8−0.7)
100
=54.107Kgm-3
Sand adjustment
Weight of sand=887+54.107=941.107Kgm-3
Water adjustment
Weight of sand=183-54.107=129Kgm-3
 Please refer the Original C35 Mix design which was attach to reference.

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 Pull out Test
This test was carried out for determining the pullout strength (the bond between concrete and
the steel bar) of hardened concrete or the structural strength of the anchoring system.
Equipment: Hydraulic Anchor Pull out Testing Kit
Figure 17: Hydraulic Anchor Pull Out Testing Kit
Procedure
Step 1-Insrted the disc in to test specimen (16mm steel bar).
Figure 18: Installing hydraulic disc in to steel bar
Step 2- An adjusted the gauge up to zero.
Figure 19: Adjusting gauge in to zero

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Step 3-Applied the required force with the instrument to steel bar.
Figure 20: Appling pressure force
Results
Table 06: Results of tested specimen
Test specimen Anchorage length
(10*Rebar diameter)
Expected pressure
force value
Observed pressure
force value
16mm Rebar 160mm 43.2KN 50KN
The observed pressure force value (50KN) is grater then expected value (43.2KN). There for
anchoring system pass with the pull out test.
 Survey at +15m level(Tower Roof)
Shrinkage of concrete is the time-dependent strain measured in an unloaded and unrestrained
specimen at constant temperature. There are so many shrinkages due to many reasons such as
plastic shrinkage, chemical shrinkage and drying shrinkage, but in this site only considering
about drying shrinkage and it is occurred due to the reduction in volume caused principally
by the loss of water during the drying process of poured concrete.
Therefore, a survey at level +15m was carried out to ensure the tower body is not undergone
a drying shrinkage due to above process.
Equipment: Level instrument & staff
Procedure
Step 1: Leveled the instrument and take took instrumental height by putting the staff at a
knowing Elevation (+14933mm).
Step 2: Took the staff and put it vertically on marked point which is in tower body wall.
Step 3: Took the level reading without changing the position of the instrument.

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Calculations (e.g.)
Height of knowing point=14933mm
Instrumental height =2114mm
Height of marked point in tower body wall=1047mm
14933+2114=Z+1047
Z=16000mm
Expected Z value =16000mm
Observed Value =16000mm
There for no effect to tower body structure from drying shrinkage
+15m Level
Ground Level: +-0m
+14933mm
m
Auto Level
Staff
Tower Body Wall
Z=16000mm

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2.2. Training experience at Avic Astoria Residence
Project over view-Avic Astoria Residence
Project Details : Astoria Residential Development
Location : No. 418, R. A. De Mel Mawatha, Colombo 03
Client : Avic International Hotel Lanka Ltd,
No. 09, Deal Place, Colombo 03.
Figure 21: Client Logo
Structural Consultant : Civil & Structural Engineering Consultants (pvt) ltd
No. 64, Barnes Place, Colombo 7
Figure 22: Consultant Logo
Contractor : San piling (pvt) Ltd,
No. 295, Madampitiya Road, Colombo
Figure 23: Contractor Logo
Commencement : 04- Nov- 2014
Project Duration : 180 Calendar dates
Figure 24: Proposed Building

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Project Location
Figure 25: Site Location
The project consists of basement(s) where basement floor level is approximately 6.0m below
ground level. In order to retain the surrounding earth, it has been selected contiguous piles for
the shoring works, by the structural engineer & according to the original design, the piling
scope of work is follows.
Table 07: Details of Structural Piles
Structural Piles No. of piles
750mm Diameter (A) 4
900mm Diameter (B) 16
1200mm Diameter (C) 37
1800mm Diameter (D) 105
162
2.2.1. Materials
Concrete
General details
Concrete Grade : C30 at 28 days
Design Slump : 200 ± 25 mm
Cement Type : Holcim Extra (PPC)
Structural element : In-situ Bored Piles
Batching plant : City Concrete Ambatale
Construction site

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Mix design
Table 08: Mix Design of C30
Element Quantity
Cement 429 Kg/m3
Sand 670.02 Kg/m3
Quarry Dust 290.59 Kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate 925.02 Kg/m3
Water 110.9 Kg/m3
Admixture: Hypecrete R 4700ml
Figure 26: Sample of C30 Concrete
Steel
Table 09: Specifications of steel bars
Figure 27: Steel Lot
Diameter
32mm 20mm 10mm
Grade RB500 RB500 RB500
Length 12m 12m 12m
Manufacturer MELWA MELWA MELWA
Type of use Reinforcement
Steel Bars
Reinforcement
Steel Bars
Reinforcement
Steel Bars

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Bentonite
Table 10: Properties of Bentonite Fluid
Figure 28: Sample of Bentonite Fluid
2.2.2. Equipment
Rotary drill rig BG machine
Figure 29: BG 26 Machine
In this site there was 2 machines (BG 28 &BG26) available to use for drill pile holes
Table 11: Specifications of BG Machines
Type of use To displace the sand from bored pile
Ingredient water & bentonite powder
Properties Fresh unit Before
Concreting
unit
density 1.024-1.1 g/cm3
1.024-1.1 g/cm3
viscosity 32-50 S 32-50 s
Specifications
Machine Maximum
drilling
diameter
Maximum
drilling depth
height Power
BG 26 2200mm 65.4m 24.9m 224Kw@2100rpm
BG 28 2300mm 72m 24.194m 354 kW @1800rpm
Mast
Digital display
Rotary drive
Kinematic system
Kelly Bar

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Drilling Tools
The rotary drilling tools provided as pre soil investigation reports and selected for usage
according to the soil conditions of this site. The rock auger used as a rotary tool for excavate
very hard layers working with dry condition. The tools provided with sufficient teeth and
with the boring working the sharpness of the teeth will reduced there for to maintain the
progress of this site the teeth are immediately replaced with new teeth.
Table 12: General details of Drilling Tools used at the site
Rock auger tool Core barrel
Main Application
 Used to excavate hard rock layers.
Main Application
 Used to cut through the rock layers.
Rock bucket Cleaning bucket
Main Application
 Used for displace the soil & rock
pieces form pile hole.
Main Application
 Used to clean bottom of the pile hole.

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Crane Tremie pipes
Figure 30: Crane Figure 31: Tremie pipes
Excavator
Figure 32: Excavator
 The main purpose is to backfilled with non-cohesive soil in to concreted piles.
Level instrument
Figure 33: Auto Level
 Used to determine the casing top level & ground level.
 Used to move heavy items such as Tremie
pipes, Diesel generators, wielding plants,
reinforcement cages etc. Transport them in
to another place.
 Used to place fresh concrete,
smoothly in to pile holes.

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Total station
Figure 34: Total Station
 Used for surveying.
De-sander
Type of use: Separate the sand from bentonite fluid and distributed the bentonite fluid in to
silos for reuse to clean the pile holes.
Model: BE170
Figure 35: De-Sander (BE170)
Rebar Thread Rolling Machine
Figure 36: Rebar Thread Rolling Machine
 Used for cut threads of steel bars.
Bentonite silos
De-sander

24
2.2.3. Summary of site work in Avic Astoria
 Setting center points
Bored pile center location was set out by using total station equipment then offsets was
marked in 3 perpendicular directions at 620mm away from the center (if the pile was
1200mm diameter).
Figure 37: Setting out points
 Temporary casing installation
After lay out pile center the temporary casing installed instable soil by using drilling rig BG
machine (in this site recommended to use 6m long casing.
Figure 38: Casing Installation
 Checked the verticality of casing by using water level instrument & rechecked the
casing center coordinates
Figure 39: Checking Verticality of Casing Figure 40: Rechecking Casing Center
Coordinates

25
 Boring work
Frist soil boring was done by using rock auger tool. then rock head is found tool has to
change to core barrel so by using core barrel drilled 1m length from rock head again tool has
to change to rock bucket for dis place the rock pieces .Finally above process continued until
met the bed rock layer (According to this site conditions and soil investigation results the
socketing length should be equal to 3*diameter of pile).
Figure 41: Boring Work
 Cleaning the pile base
After completing the drilling work the bored pile has to clean by using de- sander (BE170) to
achieve this process they used bentonite chemical as a stabilizing fluid.
Figure 42: De Sanding Process
 Installation of reinforcement cage
The reinforcement cage provided by according to drawings after assembled to its final length
the cage replaced in to pile hole by using the crane.
Figure 43: Installation of Reinforcement cage

26
 Concreting the bored pile hole by using Tremie pipe method poured concrete in to
pile hole.
Figure 44: Installing Tremie pipe System in to Bored pile Figure 45: Concreting
 Temporary casing removal
Rechecked the center casing coordinates and finally removed the temporary casing from the
concreted pile.
Figure 46: Casing Removal

27
2.2.4. Duties at Avic Astoria
Bentonite quality check
Purpose: To maintain the quality of bentonite fluid
Apparatus: Mud balance kit, Marsh funnel Cup & Stop watch
Procedure: For Density
Figure 47: Mud Balance Kit
 Filled the cup with bentonite (make sure the instrument is thoroughly cleaned and
dry).
Figure 48: Filling Bentonite in to Cup
 Kept the vent hole over the cup.
Figure 49: Closing cup with Vent Hole
Vent Hole
Linear
Gauge
Rider
Level Bubble
Fulcrum

28
 Seated the instrument on the fulcrum and adjust the rider until beam is in balance (as
shown by the level bubble).
Figure 50: Seating Mud Balance on to Fulcrum
 Finally obtained the reading for density value.
Figure 51: Density Reading
Procedure for viscosity check
Figure 52: Marsh Funnel with Cup
Marsh funnel
Cup

29
 Cover the funnel orifice with finger and add freshly sample of bentonite in to marsh
funnel.
Figure 53: Filling Bentonite in to Marsh Funnel
 Remove the finger and start stop watch and measure the time for fill bentonite fluid
up to marked on the cup.
Figure 54: Measuring time for fill the cup
 Please refer the table 10 which is shown in page No.20 to see the bentonite quality
requirements.
PIT-pile integrity test
Date: 26th of November 2014
Location: Avic Astoria Residential Site
Purpose: To ensure there was no defects occurring in the bored pile
Apparatus: Hand held hammer, Sensitive accelerometer and pile integrity tester
Figure 55: Apparatus of PIT
Pile Integrity tester
Sensitive
accelerometer
Hand held hammer

30
Procedure
Step-1 Step-2
Figure 56: Clean the surface of the pile head Figure 57: Attach the Accelerometer
Step-3 Step-4
Figure 58: Tap the pile head with a hammer Figure 59: Record the wave Details
Test Results
900mm diameter (B1pile) 1200mm diameter (C1pile)
Figure 60: Test Result of 900mm Diameter Pile &1200mm Pile
Figure 60 Show PIT record of 900mm Diameter Pile &1200mm Pile with positive reflection at
the beginning, it should be noted as pile head, but in-between the pile head and the pile toe
wave varies with negative reflection. There for the pile integrity tester conformed those two
piles are not defective piles.
Pile Length
Signal
Magnification
Pile Head

31
Dynamic load test
Purpose: To evaluate the baring capacity and defamation of the C01 bored pile.
Apparatus: Guide Frame with Steel Hammer (2.5 Tons), Steel Weights (17.5 Tons)
Pile Dynamic Analyzer &Auto Level
Figure 61: Apparatus of Dynamic Pile Test
Precautions
 Excavate the pile surrounding at least 1m length from pile top.
 Protect the pile head by using steel casing.
 Place a steel plate (about 50mm) on top of the pile head.
Figure 62: Pile Head Covered with a steel Casing
Steel Hammer
Steel Weights (17.5 Tons)
Steel Casing Guide Frame
Hydraulic Jack
Pile Dynamic Analyzer
Steel casing

32
Procedure
 Measured the pile top level of C01 bored pile by using level instrument.
Figure 63: Measuring Staff reading
 Installed the test weights (17.5 Tons) in to guide frame and attached the PDA gauges
on two opposite sides at 1m below the pile top.
Figure 64: Guide frame with Steel Loads
 Increased the height of weights by 1500mm from pile top using hydraulic jack.
Figure 65: Lifting steel loads upward by using Hydraulic jack

33
 Release the weights on to pile top without any force.
Figure 66: Releasing Loads in to Pile Top
 Finally the PDA recorded the measurements and again measured the pile top level.
Figure 67: Measuring Results
Results
Figure 68: PDA Results

34
2.2.5. Problems encountered in Avic
 Before washing a pile with bentonite Consultant have to check the bentonite quality
(viscosity & density) on this site the required viscosity range is 32 to 50 s & required
density range is 1.024-1.1 gcm-3
when checking a sample of bentonite the measured
viscosity value was in-between the range but the density of that sample was not in
above range there for Contactor had to add more bentonite powder with water to
overcome this problem.
 When pouring C30 concrete into 1800mm diameter pile the reinforcement cage tends
to come upward due to the concrete pouring pressure, so that pressure created an
upward force on the reinforcement cage .So, immediately Contractor removed some
tremie pipes to overcome this problem.

35
3. Conclusion Chapter 3
The primary objective of this report is a description of practical knowledge. I attained on
construction site of an interchange structure during my summer internship training.
In the period of training, I closely studied the aspects of practical application of various
methodologies and learnt the art of being pioneer in solving practical problem faced at site;
during the course of my study I attained the following conclusions.
 There are differences between theoretical and practical approach to execute various
construction process. Theoretical knowledge is insufficient to commence task at site.
 The quality of construction work was at priority with respect to time. Various check
were formatted at each step of construction to ensure the quality of work.
 The various factors such as climatic conditions, man power, availability of resources
and methods involved in construction plays a crucial role in an optimized completion
of project.
 Contractor always were taken Safety measures to avoid injuries and accidents on site.

36
References
 http://csec.lk/about-us/
 http://csec.lk/services/
 http://csec.lk/projects/
 Method statements of Sanpilling
 http://www.bauerpileco.com/en/products/bauer_bg/bg_premium_line/bg_28_bs_80/
 http://www.bauer.de/export/shared/pdf/bma/products/drilling_rigs/vl/BG_26_BT_70_
ValueLine_905-699-2.pdf
 H.S. Thilakasiri, 2006,Interpretation of Pile Integrity Test (PIT) Results
 H.S. Thilakasiri, R.M. Abeyasinghe & B.L.Tennakoon, by 2006 , Dyanamic Testing
of End Bearing Bored Piles in Sri Lanka

37
Appendices
Location: Avic Astoria Residence
Calculating casing top level & ground level
Instruments: Level Instrument & staff
Procedure
 Placed the staff on a known elevation point (in this Avic site there was 6 known
points) and hold it vertically to take the reading.
 Then placed the staff on top of the pile head and take the reading.
 Placed the staff on ground point to take the reading.
The mean sea level (M.S.L) is to be considered as zero.
Figure 69: Elevation Diagram
Calculation Made for B03 bored Pile (diameter 1200mm)
Staff reading of known point=851mm
Staff reading of casing top point=783mm
Staff reading of ground point=1350mm
Casing top level (C.T.L) =7805+851-783
=+7873mm
Ground level (G.L) =7805+851-1350
=+7306mm
Known point
Temporary
casing
Casing top
point
+7805mm
Staff
M.S.L:+-0
Auto level
Ground point

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