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C. Penn, J. Payne*, J. McGrath and J. Vitale
Oklahoma State University
University of Maryland
 Occurs primarily via
surface flow:
- Particulate P – carried
on eroded particles,
not immediately bio-
available
- Dissolved P – 100%
biologically available
Soil test P
Potential
for P loss
Low Optimum High
Risk increases as soil P increases
 Chesapeake Bay
 Illinois River Watershed
 Both have:
- High density poultry production
- Urban development
- Limited cropland
- Water quality concerns
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Trt 1
Trt 2
Trt 3
Trt 4
Trt 5
Coale, F.J. and R. Kratochvil 2011: Unpublished data
Mehlich-3Phosphorus(mgkg-1)
Plant optimum soil test P level
Cessation of fertilizer applications
 Most traditional BMPs do:
- target particulate P
- veg buffers, riparian areas
- prevent soil P from increasing
- limit P applications
 Most traditional BMPs do not:
- target dissolved P
- difficult to target
 High P soils will continue to produce
dissolved P for years
Runoff P vs. Soil Test P (Miami, OK)
y = 0.0016x + 0.287
R2
= 0.89
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Soil Test P (ppm)
RunoffP(ppm)
 PSM:
-any material that chemically removes dissolved P
from a solution, reducing soluble P.
 Examples include: Al, Fe, Ca and Mg.
 Many by-products contain P sorbing minerals.
 Can be used for treatment of soil or manure;
however, P is not removed from system.
 Better use would be treatment of runoff
PSM layer with
retained P
Low P water
Drainage layer
(sand/perforated pipe)
High P water
Acid mine
drainage
treatment
residuals
Bauxite
mining and
production
waste (red
mud)
Steel slag
waste
Drinking
water
treatment
residuals
Fly ash
Waste
recycled
gypsum
Foundry Sand
Material Availability
Cost & Transportation
Potential contaminants
Alkalinity/acidity
Soluble salts
Total,
acid soluble,
and water soluble
Na & heavy metalsSorption characteristics
Physical Properties
Particle size
distribution
and bulk density
Hydraulic
conductivity
 Remove both particulate and dissolved P
 Ability to remove PSM after saturation
 Various metals and pesticides are removed
 Target treatment in “hot spots”
 Potential to capture P from entire catchment
Ag runoff
Urban runoff
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 100 200 300
Premoved(mg/kg)
P added (mg/kg)
Aug 2012
Nov 2009
Overflow weir
25% overall dissolved P
removal after 8 months
Structure has handled
flow rates over 100 gpm
Steel slag
 Cost: $2000 for steel
and welder time
 Slag was free
(3 tons sieved)
 $200 to sieve and
transport slag
 $2,200 total
 Perforated steel box
 Vertically positioned
pipe inside box
 Filled with steel slag
 Drains from poultry
farm stormwater pond
 Portable, easy to install
 Filled with slag
 Limited amount of
PSM
 PSM over and under
perforated pipes
 Gypsum and slag
 Dam at end for slow
retention time
After re-vegetation
 Developed with lab flow through studies and
validated with pilot scale filter
 Developed a user friendly empirical model
 Tested 16 different materials
- add P at constant rate
- vary retention time and P concentration
- measure P in outflow
Site hydrology Targeted P removal PSM characterization
Inputs
Outputs
Design parameters
P added (mg kg-1)
Premoved(mgkg-1)
 Possible interest in commercializing design
 Golf course industry
 Ag industry
 Potential NRCS cost share technology
 Nutrient credit brokers
Illinois River Watershed Chesapeake Bay
Creek
flow
direction
poultry houses
proposed
structure
location
Awarded to Illinois
River Watershed
Partnership and OSU
Will be installed on
poultry operation in
Illinois River Watershed
Illinois River in Oklahoma

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Designing Structures to Remove Phosphorus from Drainage Waters

  • 1. C. Penn, J. Payne*, J. McGrath and J. Vitale Oklahoma State University University of Maryland
  • 2.  Occurs primarily via surface flow: - Particulate P – carried on eroded particles, not immediately bio- available - Dissolved P – 100% biologically available
  • 3. Soil test P Potential for P loss Low Optimum High Risk increases as soil P increases
  • 4.  Chesapeake Bay  Illinois River Watershed  Both have: - High density poultry production - Urban development - Limited cropland - Water quality concerns
  • 5. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Trt 1 Trt 2 Trt 3 Trt 4 Trt 5 Coale, F.J. and R. Kratochvil 2011: Unpublished data Mehlich-3Phosphorus(mgkg-1) Plant optimum soil test P level Cessation of fertilizer applications
  • 6.  Most traditional BMPs do: - target particulate P - veg buffers, riparian areas - prevent soil P from increasing - limit P applications
  • 7.  Most traditional BMPs do not: - target dissolved P - difficult to target  High P soils will continue to produce dissolved P for years Runoff P vs. Soil Test P (Miami, OK) y = 0.0016x + 0.287 R2 = 0.89 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Soil Test P (ppm) RunoffP(ppm)
  • 8.  PSM: -any material that chemically removes dissolved P from a solution, reducing soluble P.  Examples include: Al, Fe, Ca and Mg.  Many by-products contain P sorbing minerals.  Can be used for treatment of soil or manure; however, P is not removed from system.  Better use would be treatment of runoff
  • 9. PSM layer with retained P Low P water Drainage layer (sand/perforated pipe) High P water
  • 10. Acid mine drainage treatment residuals Bauxite mining and production waste (red mud) Steel slag waste Drinking water treatment residuals Fly ash Waste recycled gypsum Foundry Sand
  • 11. Material Availability Cost & Transportation Potential contaminants Alkalinity/acidity Soluble salts Total, acid soluble, and water soluble Na & heavy metalsSorption characteristics Physical Properties Particle size distribution and bulk density Hydraulic conductivity
  • 12.  Remove both particulate and dissolved P  Ability to remove PSM after saturation  Various metals and pesticides are removed  Target treatment in “hot spots”  Potential to capture P from entire catchment
  • 14. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 100 200 300 Premoved(mg/kg) P added (mg/kg) Aug 2012 Nov 2009
  • 15.
  • 16. Overflow weir 25% overall dissolved P removal after 8 months Structure has handled flow rates over 100 gpm Steel slag
  • 17.  Cost: $2000 for steel and welder time  Slag was free (3 tons sieved)  $200 to sieve and transport slag  $2,200 total
  • 18.  Perforated steel box  Vertically positioned pipe inside box  Filled with steel slag  Drains from poultry farm stormwater pond
  • 19.  Portable, easy to install  Filled with slag  Limited amount of PSM
  • 20.  PSM over and under perforated pipes  Gypsum and slag  Dam at end for slow retention time
  • 22.  Developed with lab flow through studies and validated with pilot scale filter  Developed a user friendly empirical model  Tested 16 different materials - add P at constant rate - vary retention time and P concentration - measure P in outflow
  • 23. Site hydrology Targeted P removal PSM characterization Inputs Outputs Design parameters
  • 24. P added (mg kg-1) Premoved(mgkg-1)
  • 25.  Possible interest in commercializing design  Golf course industry  Ag industry  Potential NRCS cost share technology  Nutrient credit brokers
  • 26. Illinois River Watershed Chesapeake Bay
  • 27. Creek flow direction poultry houses proposed structure location Awarded to Illinois River Watershed Partnership and OSU Will be installed on poultry operation in Illinois River Watershed
  • 28. Illinois River in Oklahoma

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1.  
  2.  
  3.  Move slide back
  4.  Corn with different amounts of P.Plant optimum soil test P level is 32.5 mg/kg in OK. Varies in other states. 50-100 mg/kg in Maryland.
  5.  Reducing runoff and trapping sediment P
  6.  
  7.  PSM: any material that chemically removes dissolved P from a solution, reducing soluble P. Examples inlcude Al, Fe, Ca Mg, etc.PSM can be added to soil or manure to decrease soluble P concentrations; however, it is temporary. You are not removing P from system.Sorption occurs from adsorption and precipitation. Ca/Mg remove P by precipitation reactions that occur much slower. Al/Fe remove P by adsorption which occurs rapidly.Precipitation: Ca/Mg must be dissolved into solution where they will then re-precipitate with P in solution to create a new solid.Adsorption: Adhesion of dissolved solids to a surface.
  8.  Structure did not contain sandThink of it as P filter. Like a Brita filter.
  9.  AMDRs: this is a by-product from treating/neutralizing acid mine drainage waters (such as from tar creek or coal mines). The result is a by-product rich in Fe and Al oxides.Bauxite waste is from Al making industry. Mostly in New Zealand and Australia. Rich in Fe and Al oxides.Steel slag waste is from making steel. Available everywhere there is a steel mill.Drinking WTRs are from the process of removing sediment from drinking water. This is highly available all over the US.Waste gypsum comes from the wall board industry and mostly from the power production industry. Paper mill waste is rich in Al oxides. Foundry sand: comes from metal casting industryFly ash: Coal fired powered plantNOT ALL OF THE MATERIALS WILL BE SAFE; THEY NEED TO BE SCREENED PRIOR TO USE particularly for soluble metalsSieve out fines
  10.  AMDRs: this is a by-product from treating acid mine drainage (such as from tar creek or coal mines). The result is a by-product rich in Fe and Al oxides.Bauxite waste is from Al making industry. Mostly in New Zealand and Australia. Rich in Fe and Al oxides.Steel slag waste is from making steel. Available everywhere there is a steel mill. Rich in Ca. pH may be high but ability to change pH is low.Drinking WTRs are from the process of removing sediment from drinking water. This is highly available all over the US.Waste gypsum comes from the wall board industry and mostly from the power production industry (coal). Paper mill waste is rich in Al oxides. NOT ALL OF THE MATERIALS WILL BE SAFE; THEY NEED TO BE SCREENED PRIOR TO USEFe and Al – adsorptionCa – precipitation
  11. Targeted application that would otherwise be too costly to apply across a landscape.
  12.  Ag runoff pic
  13.  Different slag with different size fractions. Differences in Ca, alkalinity and pH.
  14. 3 tons EAF slag treats 150 acres9 inches of slag¼ “ slagFlow rate and samples collected using ISCO automatic samplers at structure inlet and outlet. Using P concentration and flow rate data, we were able to calculate the P load entering the structure and P load removed by structure.
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  16. 123x76x76 perforated steel box10.2 cm pipe positioned vertically inside box- radial flow to discharge.Holds ~1.4 Mg of ¼ slag.4 boxes in series to discharge.Drains 2 ha from poultry production area.Currently monitoring performance with different size fractions of steel slag
  17. Issue is size. Too small.
  18. Dam at end to back water up and force water to go thru 4 drainage pipes. Pipes have gypsum and slag.50 Mg < FGD GypsumPSM over and under perforated pipesPSM can be removed and land applied after filter failureSlow retention timeWorks well with base flow (slow rate, low concentration)Ideal for typical field ditch applications
  19. Dam at end to back water up and force water to go thru 4 drainage pipes. Pipes have gypsum and slag.50 Mg < FGD GypsumPSM over and under perforated pipesPSM can be removed and land applied after filter failureSlow retention timeWorks well with base flow (slow rate, low concentration)Ideal for typical field ditch applications
  20. Structure is developed by observed relationship among experimental data.How much P it will remove based on inflow P concentrations and retention time.
  21. Design Curve unique to each material based on properties, inflow P conc, and retention time X axis intercept = maximum amount of P loading until P saturationEquation for a “design curve” is predicted from pH, total Ca, buffer index, amorphous Al + Fe, and avg particle sizeDiscrete = at that moment. Capacity to bind P reduces as more more is added.
  22. Integrate design curve to produce cumulative prediction curveModel vs flow thru data in labCumulative P over time. Break through curve: point of where concentration going out is same as concnetration going in.
  23. Site hydrology: Peak flow rate, annual flow volume, dissolved P levelTargeted P removal. Targeted lifetime.PSM characterization: P sorption, safety, physical propertiesDesign parameters: area, mass depth
  24.  lots of sediment also removedModelvs structure
  25.  lots of sediment also removed
  26. If farms are given caps, then nutrient trading may be an option.Free market. Expanding WWTPs buys from farmer.
  27.  lots of sediment also removed
  28.  lots of sediment also removed