it is literature review for commercial building design.

1. COMMERCIAL BUILDING
LITERATURE REVIEW
COMPARISION
Prepared by:
Dibyeswari Singh
Karuna Desar
Kusum Dahal
Muna Nepal
Nishn Maharjan

2. INTRODUCTION
 Commercial Building space built for the purpose
of commerce and business activities where profit
oriented activities are held .
 A commercial complex is a unification of various retail
stores, offices, cafes and other related facilities.

3. HISTORY
 In the early days of retailing, customers waited in
front of the counter and indicated the items they
wanted.
 Slow process, as no of costumer = staff employed
at store.
 The concept of an inexpensive food market relying
on large economies of scale was developed by
vincent astor.
 Supermarket, a large form of the traditional grocery
store, is a self-service shop offering a wide variety
of food and household products, organized into
aisles.

4. NEED OF COMMERCIAL COMPLEX
 Variety of shopping within single roof.
 Place for social gathering and multifunctional
activity.
 Along with shopping, recreational activity also
involve.
 Time saving.
 Lead the country to the world globalization.

5. REQUIREMENTS
 Administration
 Office space
 Shopping area
 Departmental store
 Showrooms
 Food court
 Fast food restaurants
 Cinema hall
 Health club and game zone
 Multipurpose hall

6.  Spa and beauty parlous
 Kid zone
 Stair case
 Lifts
 Escalators
 emergency exits
 Parking
 Landscaping
 Banking and ATM
 Polyclinics
 Waste management
 Natural lights and ventilation

7. ANTHROPOMETRY
figure 1:- width of human with different activity.

8. figure 3:- clearances for adults with goods. source: time saver standards
figure 2:- dimention and clearances for children. source: time saver standards

9. figure 4:- Dimensuin of a human body in different postures performing different
activities

10. PARKING AND VECHIELS DIMENSIONS
HATCHBACK CAR

12. PARKING RADIUS

14. PARKING MODES

16. figure :- Automated parking

17. WAY OF CONVEYANCE
 Ramps
 Staircase
 Lifts
 Escalators
 Circulation space

18. RAMPS
 Landing in each 10m
 width of landing= width of ramps
 Length= 1.2m
 Handrail= 0.40m high

19. LIFTS

20. ESCALATORS

21. CIRCULATION SPACE:
Height clearance on accessible routesfigure :- circulation in waiting

22. DIFFERENTLY ABLE
SIGHT DISABILITIES
 It is necessary to give
instructions accessible through
the sense of touch
 (hands, fingers or legs).
 The texture of the floor can also
help them to know the pathways.
 Installation of information board
in Braille.
 audible signage
(announcements)

23. HEARING DISABILITIES
 They use their sight to gather
information in public places.
 Provision of information
board in an easily
understandable manner.
 graphical representation to
provide information
reach the desired place.

24. SPACE STUDY
 Equally convenient accessibility from parking areas by
means of two or more levels of immediately adjacent
parking.
 No mall dead end pathway.
 Adequate vertical transportation , 1 or more sets of
escalators and several sets of convenient stairs.
 Visual interconnection of levels through the maximum
use of open wells permitting maximum visibility of one
level’s shops and customers from the other.
 Adequate spaces for circulation inside stores and
staircase to carry and transport goods.

25. SHOPS
 A place which sells various goods; Store.
Types :
 Retail Shops: populated region, wide variety of
merchandise.
 Departmental Stores: Large retail store organized into
departments, commonly part of retail chain.
 Wholesale Stores: A sales outlet offering goods at a
discounted price.

26. RETAIL SHOPS:
 Grocer Shop:

28.  Man and women wears: Non selling areas should be 20% of
the total store area are usually sufficient for peak load seasons.
Figure : Minimum size for non
selling area
Figure : Men’s wear cases

29. DEPARTMENTAL STORES
 Upto 400sqm
retail floor
space = 3m
 Over 400sqm
retail floor
space = 3.3m
 Over 1500sqm
retail floor
space = 3.5m

32. LANDSCAPING AND ENTRANCE
 Entrances – inviting – easy access to differently
able - appealing landscaping - attractive and
comfortable.
 Well-placed trees and bushes, separate parking
areas
 Trees and bushes - reduce noise.
 Well-maintained walkways add to personal security
and safety.
 Installation of efficient, cost saving, long lasting
LED lighting supports your “green” image, saves
you money, thwarts crime, and increases security.

33. Trees acts as
shades in the
parking lot and
makes it look
pleasant
Parking lot is
the first and the
last point

34. GENERAL DESIGN AND PLANNING CRITERIA
 Column spacing: Often used spacing are 20’, 25’, 30’
with the last the most flexible.
 Store depths: For one story stores, buildings are usually
120 to 140 ft deep.
 Clear heights: vary from 10’-14’ or more, with 12’ a good
average.
 Ducts and shafts: . This requirement includes special
exhaust ventilation through the roof and all other
mechanical items that can be anticipated. Essential that
the mechanical engineer set up a schedule of the location
and size of ducts and shaft.

35.  Exterior walls: Depending upon each stores
requirement, service doors, public entrance doors, trash
rooms, show windows etc – desirable.
 Schematic planning: major principles ;
a) Convenience and comfort for the customer.
b) Maximum merchandising potential for the tenant stores.

36. BY LAWS
 For cover getaway, maximum clearance= not less than
4.5m
 Pathway linked with the main road should not be less
than 1.2m width and the length should not exceed 30m
 Parking should be 20% of build up area.
 Basement also can be of two - storey
 Excluding set-back entire area can be used for
basement
 Basement height = 2.1m(minimum)
 Separate way should be given to basement parking
 Staircase width = 1.5m (minimum)

37.  No. of steps in single flight = 15 (max.)
 Basement is not counted on FAR
 In Kathmandu,
For commercial sub-zone
 F.A.R = 2.5
 G.C.R = 50%
 Minimum front set-back for Kathmandu =6m
 Back and side set-back = 4m
 Basic infrastructure like water supply, drainage should
be fully equipped
 Lift, fire escape, stair, stand by generator, overhead tank
should include
 20,000 lit. underground tank 50,000 lit. should
compulsory provided

38. For commercial zone:-
Land Area Maximum Ground
Coverage
Upto 0-4-0-0 80%
From 0-4-0-0 to 0-8-0-0 70% or 1095.20 sq. ft
(which is greater)
From 0-8-0-0 to 1-0-0-0 60% or 1916.6 sq. ft
(which is greater)
Greater than 1-0-0-0 50% or 3285.6 sq.ft
(which is greater)

39. SAFETY AND SECURITY
 Access control
 CCTV
 Intruder alarams
 Fire detection system
 Integrated system
 Emergency exhit ( earthquake, terroist attack,
natural hazard, etc)

40. ACCESS CONTROL
 Permits access by authorized personnel to be a
site, building ,room or other Secure installation.
 Electronic access control system may allow access
using Credentials such as:
1. Passcodes
2. Pins
3. Fingerprints
4. Keys
5. Key fobs
6. Video verification

41. CCTV (CLOSED CIRCUIT TV) SYSTEM
 CCTV system generally
used as both interior and
exterior of a building.
 features :
 Infrared or night vision
 Facial recognition
 Automatic motion
detectors
 Lightening
 Should be placed in
Parking, Stairs, Ground
floor windows, doors etc.

42. INTRUDER ALARMS
 Also known as security or burglar alarms, - detects
unauthorized entry into site, building’ room or
secure installation.
 work through a number of sensor type such as:
 Hermetically sealed switches
 Passive infra red motion detectors
 Photoelectric beam syastem
 Glass break acoustic detectors

43. FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
 Manual pull station
 Break glass stations
 Heat detectors
 Smoke detectors
 Magnetic fire doors
 Sprinklers
 Evacuation signals
 Alarms
 Carbon dioxide
detectors

44. BUILDING SERVICES
 Water
 Sanitation
 HVAC

45. RAINWATER HARVESTING
 Rainwater harvesting - process - rainwater is collected when it
falls on the earth, stored and utilized at a later point.
 It is a process/technique of collecting, filtering, storing and using
rainwater for irrigation and for various other purposes.
 Processes involved:
 Collection
 Storage
 Filter
 main tank collection
 Pump
 Filter
 supply

46. GROUND WATER RECHARGE
 Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is
a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface
water to groundwater as shown in below figure.

47. SANITATION
 Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through
prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as
well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage or
wastewater.
Females
Design of occupancy number
1-10 1
11-50 2
51-90 3
Greater than 90 plus 1 per 60
male
occupancy toilet pan urinals no
1-10 1 1-150 1
11-60 2 151-550 2
61-120 3 greater than 550 plus 1 per 450
greater than 120 plus 1 per80

48. HVAC
 HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) is the technology of
indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to
provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.
 Major terms:
1. Air handling unit (AHU) –a central unit - blower, heating
and cooling elements, filters, etc. - direct contact with the
airflow.
2. Chiller –a device- removes heat from a liquid. The cooled
liquid flows through pipes and passes through coils in air
handling units, FCUs, etc.
3. Coil –equipment - performs heat transfer inside an AHU
etc.
4. Damper –a plate/gate placed in a duct to control airflow

49. GENERAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES
 Orientation
 Building forms
 External obstruction
 Design of windows
- Elongate the building along the E_W axis.
- Building's exposure to the sun will be
maximized.

50.  Building forms:
a) For lighting, use
alphabetical shaped
building
Figure: Tehran mall with nature-inspired
interiors.

51. RECREATION
 Movie theater
 Games
 Public spaces?

52. USER PHYCOLOGY
 Similarity: similar object perceive. Similarity in
elements by shape, color, size, texture or value. It
gives user sense of coherence between the design
element.
 Continuation: it’s principle; human eyes moves
naturally from one object to another. This often
happens through the creation of curved lines
allowing the eye to flow with it.
 Closure: technique based on human eyes.
Tendency to see close shapes.
 Proximity: object placing close proximity, eye
perceive them as a group not as individual.

53. PHYCOLOGY OF COLOR
 colors such as yellow/purple are able to evoke some sort
of hyper-specific emotion is about as accurate as your
standard palm reading.

55. Figure: man and women least favorite color.
Figure: man and women favorite color.

56. REFERENCE
 http://www.wbdg.org/design/parking.php
 Ernst and peter neufert
 Time saver
 www.slideshare.net
 www.accessengineeringlibrary.com
 Thesis report on commercial design of koteshowr
central plaza by Alina Bajracharya.
 Architectural Services Department. Universal
Accessibility: Best Practices and Guidelines,
 https://www.helpscout.net/blog/psychology-of-color/

57. COMPARISON
LABIM
MALL
SANCHYA
KOSH
DUBAI
MALL
KOLKATTA
CITY
Mixed Use Commercial,
government
office, social
Commercial,
cultural and
social hub
Commercial,
cultural and
social hub
Outdoor
plaza
Outdoor plaza
Atrium of
natural light
Atrium of
natural light
Atrium of
natural light

58. Basement
parking
Basement
parking
Basement
parking
Basement
parking
Two-way
parking space
One-way
parking space
Modern
architecture
acc.to
contemporary
need
Traditional
and modern
style
Modern style Modern style
Various mass,
volume,
design in
facade
Exposed brick