indian astronomy

1. Introduction of Indian Astronom
1.Vedic Period (1500 BCE - 500 BCE):
2.Classical Period (500 BCE - 500 CE):
3.Medieval Period (500 CE - 1500 CE):
4.Modern Period (1500 CE - present):
5.Conclusion
6.Role of Aryabhata in Indian Astronomy
7.Indian Contributions to Astronomy.
8.ISRO's Astronomy Contributions.

2. Astronomy: Study of Celestial Objects.
Astronomy mean Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects such as stars, planets, galaxies, and other
cosmic phenomena. It encompasses various branches of science such as physics, mathematics, and chemistry to
understand the physical and chemical properties of celestial objects and the laws that govern their behavior.
Astronomers use observations, experiments, and theoretical models to study the universe and answer
fundamental questions such as the origin and evolution of the universe, the nature of dark matter and dark
energy, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Astronomy has played a vital role in shaping our
understanding of the universe and our place within it.

3. BC = Before Chirst AD= Anno Domini
BCE = Before Common Era CE= Common Era

4. BC= BEFORE CHRIST AD = ANNO DOMINI
BCE = BEFORE COMMON ERA CE =COMMON ERA

5. History of Indian Astronomy
Astronomy has a rich and ancient history in India, dating back to the earliest civilizations. Indian astronomy
is among the oldest in the world and has a long and fascinating history that spans more than three
millennia. Here is a brief history of India astronomy:
1.Vedic Period (1500 BCE - 500 BCE): The Vedas, a collection of sacred texts, contain astronomical
knowledge dating back to this period. The Vedas describe astronomical observations and the movements
of the sun, moon, and stars. Astronomy has been an important aspect of Indian civilization since ancient
times. In the Vedic period (1500 BCE - 600 BCE), astronomy played a significant role in religious and
cultural practices, as well as in agricultural and navigational activities.The Vedas, which are a collection of
ancient texts, contain references to astronomical observations, calculations, and predictions. For example,
the Rigveda mentions the solstices and equinoxes, and the Yajurveda describes the lunar phases and
eclipses.The Surya Siddhanta, a text on astronomy and mathematics, was written during this period. It
contains detailed calculations of the positions and movements of the sun, moon, and planets, and provides
methods for determining eclipses and the timing of religious ceremonies.The Jyotisha Vedanga, a branch
of the Vedas, is

6. devoted to astronomy and astrology. It includes texts such as the Brihat Samhita and the Jaiminiya
Brahmana, which describe the principles of astronomical calculations, including the use of instruments
such as the gnomon, the astrolabe, and the water clock.Astronomy was also important in determining the
dates of religious festivals and agricultural activities. The Vedic calendar was based on the movements of
the sun and moon, and the position of the stars was used to determine auspicious times for sowing,
harvesting, and other activities.In conclusion, the Vedic period was a time of significant development in
astronomy in India. The knowledge and practices developed during this time laid the foundation for
further advances in astronomy and mathematics in India and around the world.
2.Classical Period (500 BCE - 500 CE): During this period, Indian astronomy made significant progress. The
classical Indian astronomers made important contributions to mathematics, including the development of
the decimal system, the concept of zero, and the use of negative numbers. Indian astronomers also made
accurate observations of the positions of celestial bodies and developed a system of astronomical
calculations known as Jyotisha.
3.Medieval Period (500 CE - 1500 CE): During this period, Indian astronomers continued to make
significant contributions to astronomy. The most notable work of this period was the Aryabhatiya, written
by Aryabhata in the 5th century CE. This work contains a wealth of information on mathematics,
astronomy, and trigonometry.

7. 4.Modern Period (1500 CE - present): During the modern period, Indian astronomy was heavily influenced by
European astronomy. Indian astronomers adopted European methods and tools, including the telescope, and
began to make significant contributions to the field of astronomy. Modern Indian astronomers have made
important discoveries in the areas of cosmology, gravitational waves, and the search for extraterrestrial life.In
summary, Indian astronomy has a long and rich history that has contributed significantly to the development of
astronomy and mathematics worldwide. The legacy of Indian astronomy continues to influence modern-day
astronomy and inspire new generations of astronomers.

10. • The first person to make significant contribution to it was Aryabhata (476 AD-550 AD) who
write a book titled Aryabhatiyam.
• He also invented ZERO by which he found the distance between earth & moon and also the
value of pi
• Aryabhata estimated the/circumference of earth and his estimation was very close to modern
calculations . He postulated a new theory that the earth was round and that it was rotating on
its own axis. And all planets round around sun.
• Aryabhata was also the first to explain the scientific explanation of the causes of solar and
lunar eclipses. He also put rules of planetary movement. First satellite of India, Aryabhata,
name of his contribution.
Role of Aryabhata in Indian Astronomy

11. • BV Subbarayappa and KV Sharma wrote a book “Indian astronomy : a source –book”, mentioned more than
3,000 such Oberservations. and discoveries by Indian scientists, astronomers and mathematicians
over thousands of year.
• astronomy is a very interested field in india since ancient period. India have knowledge about various
astronomy term. Jagat,bhugol, Chandra Madhi Krishnm(Atharva Veda).
• Taittiriya Brahmana mentioned first reference of astronomy in which Sun, Moon, Nakshatras & seasons
mentioned.
• •Rules of making a Panchanga mentioned in Jyotisha Vedanga.
• Rigveda: Diameter of sun is 108 times that of earth.
• Varahamihira (505 AD- 587 AD) was also a great astronomer in India. He wrote Brihat
samahita,' yogamaya, Panch siddhanta etc.
• Brahmagupta (598 AD-668 AD) wrote Brahmasphutasiddhanta and Khandakhadyaka. He
proclaiming that all things fall to earth automatically. He said that it was a law of nature.

12. Indian Contributions to Astronomy.
How indian help in astronomy India has a rich history in astronomy, with contributions dating back to ancient
times. Here are a few examples of how Indians have helped advance the field of astronomy:
Aryabhata: Aryabhata was an Indian mathematician and astronomer who lived in the 5th century CE. He is
credited with creating the first mathematical model of the solar system, which included a heliocentric view of
the planets. He also made significant contributions to the study of trigonometry and algebra.
Sawai Jai Singh II: Sawai Jai Singh II was a Rajput king who ruled the kingdom of Jaipur in the 18th century. He
was a keen astronomer and built several astronomical observatories across India, including the Jantar Mantar
in Jaipur. These observatories were used to measure the positions of stars and planets with great accuracy.
Meghnad Saha: Meghnad Saha was an Indian astrophysicist who lived in the early 20th century. He is best
known for his work on the thermal ionization of elements in stars, which helped explain the spectra of stars.
He also proposed the "Saha ionization equation," which is still used today to study the physical properties of
stars.

13. ISRO's Astronomy Contributions.
Isro astronomy history = The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has a long and rich history in
astronomy and astrophysics. Here are some of the key highlights:
Aryabhata: In 1975, ISRO = launched its first satellite, Aryabhata, named after the ancient Indian
mathematician and astronomer. It was designed to study X-rays and gamma rays from celestial sources.
Rohini: In 1983, ISRO = launched its first satellite into orbit using an indigenous launch vehicle, the
Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-3). The satellite, called Rohini, carried a payload of instruments to study the
ionosphere and the upper atmosphere.
Bhaskara = The Bhaskara series of satellites, named after another ancient Indian mathematician and
astronomer, were launched in 1979 and 1983. They carried payloads to study Earth's magnetic field,
ionosphere, and solar radiation.
Chandrayaan-1: In 2008, ISRO = launched its first lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1, which discovered water
molecules on the moon. It also carried instruments to study the moon's surface and mineral composition.

14. Astrosat: In 2015, = ISRO launched its first dedicated astronomy satellite, Astrosat, which is equipped with
instruments to study celestial sources across the electromagnetic spectrum, from X-rays to visible light.
Aditya-L1= ISRO is currently developing Aditya-L1, a satellite mission to study the Sun's corona and solar
winds. It is expected to be launched in 2022.
ISRO's contributions to astronomy and astrophysics have been significant and have helped to further our
understanding of the cosmos.

15. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO):
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was founded in 1969 and has since played a key role in
India's space program. ISRO has launched a number of satellites, including those for earth observation,
communication, and navigation. They have also sent spacecraft to the Moon and Mars.Overall, Indians
have made significant contributions to astronomy over the centuries, and continue to do so through
their work in research institutions and space programs.