This study gives insight into the onset of the Indian Monsoon System and completion of its cycle through retreating of monsoon. This study is good for Masters in Geography, UPSC, PCS, NET, JRF etc. examinations and job related interviews in the field of atmospheric or earth sciences.

1. Indian Monsoon System
Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait
Associate Professor,
Government College for Girls,
Sector-14, Gurugram
Academic Session: 2020-21
03-06-2021
Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait, Associate Professor,
Government College for Girls, Sector-14,
Gurugram 1

2. The term monsoon is derived from an ARABIC
word ‘MAUSIM' or from the ‘MONSIM’
which means season.
Monsoon refers to regional winds produced by
thermodynamics modifications in the trade
winds .
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3. Monsoon can be defined as a seasonal reversal of
wind over Indian Sub-Continent due to the
apparent shift of the sun.
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4. 1. Thermodynamic modification of the south easterly
trades.
2. During the JULY month the frequency of wind must
increase by 40% .
3. The acceleration of wind during the monsoon month
JULY shall be more than 3m/sec.
Features
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5. 4. Rain bearing system .
5. Break in the monsoon .
6. Onset of the monsoon.
Features
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6. Monsoon Winds
An interchange of air between land and oceans
due to the unequal heating and cooling of the
continents and oceans is known as MONSOON
WINDS.
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7. Monsoon Winds
It has an annual period of occurrence :-
During summer, the land is heated very
much as compared to the oceans which
cause low pressure over the land and the
wind blow from oceans to the continents.
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8.  During winters, land cool down faster than the
oceans causing high pressure over continents
and low pressure over the oceans and the wind
blow from continents to oceans.
The Indian monsoon is the best known example
of this alternating circulation system
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9.  There are two types of monsoons over India
that is
1. South-West Monsoon and
2. North-East Monsoon.
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10. South-West Monsoon Winds
It originates at 10 degree south near MASCARNES
high pressure east of Madagascar by the
convergence of south easterly trades with the out
flow of MASCARNES.
The convergent air is directed towards equator by the
fin latter jet and the eastern highland of Africa. It
crosses the equator between 44 to 66 degree east
and bifurcated by the projection of peninsula.
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11. Location of Mascarene Island in Indian Ocean
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12. South-West Monsoon Winds
It originates at 10 degree south near
MASCARNES high pressure east of
Madagascar by the convergence of
south easterly trades with the out flow
of MASCARNES.
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13. 03-06-2021
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14. South-West Monsoon Winds
It develops into two main branches :-
1. Arabian Sea branch and
2. Bay of Bengal branch
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15. SOUTH WEST AND NORTH EAST MONSOON WINDS
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16. Arabian Sea Branch
Due to COROILIS force, the wind direction is
south WESTERLIES.
Therefore it is oblique to the western Ghats.
Hence 200-300 cm orographic rainfall occur while
in the rain shadow areas of Deccan plateau 40-60
cm rainfall is found.
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17. What is Coriolis Force ?
An effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating
system experiences a force (the Coriolis force)
acting perpendicular to the direction of motion
and to the axis of rotation. On the earth, the
effect tends to deflect moving objects to the
right in the northern hemisphere and to the left
in the southern and is important in the
formation of cyclonic weather systems.
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18. Some moist air enters through the Narmada and Tapi Valley
and it rains over SATPURA to AMARKANTAK nearly up
to 100 cm.
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19. Some moist air is obstructed by the GIRNAR mountains
and Mount Abu. Thus, these regions have 75 cm rainfall .
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20.  Bay of Bengal Branch
 It is parallel to the Coromandel coast and Tamil Nadu.
 Thus, during summer these regions remain dry.
 It picks up more moisture from the Bay of Bengal.
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21. Bay of Bengal Branch
 It hits the ARAKAN YOMA and turns along the
foothills of HIMALAYAS parallel to
SHIWALIS which receive 100 cm rainfall and
 Meghalaya plateaus especially the KHASI hills
receives highest rainfall in the world at
MANSYRURAM, CHERAPOUNJI, because of
funnel shaped valley which has wide inlet but
very narrow outlet .
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22. Location of Arakan Yoma
 The Arakan Mountains
 (Arakan Range,
 Rakhine Range,
 Rakhine Yoma ,
 Arakan Yoma,
 Rakhine Roma,
 Arakan Roma)
 : is a mountain range in
western Burma (Myanmar),
between the coast of Rakhine State
and the Central Burma Basin, in
which flows the Irrawaddy River.
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23. Location of Arakan Yoma
 It is the most prominent of a
series of parallel ridges that
arc through
Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram
and Burma.
 The Arakan Mountains run
from Cape Negrais in the
south in to the Manipur State
of India in the north.
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24. Location of Arakan Yoma
 They include the Naga Hills,
the Chin Hills, and the Patkai
range which includes
the Lushai Hills.
 These mountains are
submerged in the Bay of
Bengal for a sufficiently long
stretch and emerges again in
the form of the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands.
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25. Location of Arakan Yomakan Yoma in Asia
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26. Kingdom of Rakhine / Arakan Yoma
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Government College for Girls, Sector-14,
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27. 03-06-2021
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Government College for Girls, Sector-14,
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28. 03-06-2021
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29. PURAVANCHAL hills receive 200 cm while
Assam HIMALAYAS 250, Meghalaya
Plateau 200 cm and upper Assam 150-200 cm.
The GANGETIC Plains and the Central
Indian Plateau receive neither from Bay of
Bengal nor from the Arabian Sea branch .
They receive rain from the mild tropical
disturbances .
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Government College for Girls, Sector-14,
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30. North-East Monsoon
 North East Monsoon winds is an
oceanic wind and is an extension of
retreating monsoon.
 It sweeps over BAY OF BENGAL
between December to March.
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Government College for Girls, Sector-14,
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31. North-East Monsoon
 The North East Monsoon is oblique to
the Coromandel coast which receive
100 cm rainfall during winters other
places like NILGIRI, PILINI also
receive 15–20 cm rainfall.
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Government College for Girls, Sector-14,
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32. North-East Monsoon
 On 1st SEPTEMBER below the trough of the
sub tropical jet, the retreat of the monsoon
begin.
 This retreat is gradual from 1st September to
30 November. It may cause 10-15 cm rainfall
over GANGETIC plains .
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33. Conclusions:
Thus we can conclude that monsoon is
a seasonal reversal of wind
or
A regional wind produced by
thermodynamic modification in the
trade winds.
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Government College for Girls, Sector-14,
Gurugram 33

34. Conclusions:
There are two types of trade winds and ultimately
two types of monsoon winds :-
1. South West Monsoon Wind.
2. North East Monsoon Wind.
Hence, it is concluded that India is an agriculture
country and most of our agriculture activities
depend upon the monsoon rainfall.
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Government College for Girls, Sector-14,
Gurugram 34

35. References:
1. Critchfield, Howard J. (1967), "General
Climatology", Second Edition, Prentice-
Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs,. New Jersey,
1966, 420 pages.
2. Lal, D. S. (2011), “Climatology”,
3. Web Surfing
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Government College for Girls, Sector-14,
Gurugram 35